“…PSL acknowledges that value can be created/destroyed/unaltered through interaction with public services, both by one actor alone or in consort, hence employing the "co-" prefix (Cluley et al 2021;Gyllenhammar et al 2023). Employing a positive connotation, value can be created either at the nexus of the interaction with the PSO, constituting value creation, or by the service users alone, through resource integration with their needs, constituting value creation (Osborne 2018, p. 225).…”