“…A well-established conventional method for tuning microwave devices is to use active semiconductor devices. Electronically tunable FSS can also be realized through this conventional method; now a considerable amount of different electronically tunable FSSs have been proposed; they were just loading several active semiconductor devices, such as PIN diodes (Fabian-Gongora et al, 2015;Kiani, 2008;Kiani & Bird, 2011;Li, 2016;Li et al, 2017;Yang et al, 2016) or varactors (Bayatpur & Sarabandi, 2010;Ebrahimi et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016;Pan et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2012Zhang et al, , 2016 in each unit cell. In this way, the frequency responses can be tuned in real time by changing the state of the PIN diodes or varactors through an external direct current (DC) bias voltage.…”