Variations in ozone depletion potentials of very short‐lived substances with season and emission region

Brioude, J.; Portmann, R. W.; Daniel, J. S.; Cooper, O. R.; Frost, G. J.; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Granier, C.; Ravishankara, A. R.; Montzka, S. A.; Stohl, Andreas

doi:10.1029/2010gl044856

Cited by 44 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…The ODPs (Fig. 3d) are considerably larger than estimates obtained from previous global model studies (Brioude et al, 2010;Wuebbles et al, 2011). While in these studies mean ODP values were obtained as averages over longer time periods and large regions, we present the first pointwise ODPs calculated individually for emission measurements.…”

Section: Sgi and Pgi During The Sonne-transbrom Cruisementioning

confidence: 52%

“…CHBr 3 is mainly produced in the ocean by marine life forms such as macro algae and phytoplankton (e.g., Carpenter and Liss, 2000;Quack and Wallace, 2003), while CH 2 Br 2 is a byproduct during the CHBr 3 formation (Tokarczyk and Moore, 1994). The oceanic production and thereafter the ocean-toatmosphere flux of CHBr 3 is spatially and temporal highly variable with tropical, subtropical and shelf waters being identified as potentially important source regions (Quack et al, 2004(Quack et al, , 2007Butler et al, 2007). Observational estimates of local oceanic emissions of the two VSLS are based on measurements of surface water and atmospheric concentration data.…”

Section: S Tegtmeier Et Al: Emission and Transport Of Bromocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently available global estimates of oceanic emissions of CHBr 3 and CH 2 Br 2 can differ approximately by a factor four and are highly uncertain (Montzka and Reimann et al, 2011). The mean emission rates observed in the West Pacific in October 2009 for CHBr 3 of 608 pmol m −2 h −1 are approximately in the middle of global mean values ranging from 274 pmol m −2 h −1 (Carpenter and Liss, 2000) to 1041 pmol m −2 h −1 (Quack and Wallace, 2003;Butler et al, 2007). The mean rate for CH 2 Br 2 of 164 pmol m −2 h −1 is only slightly larger than the lowest global estimate of 119 pmol m −2 h −1 (Yokouchi et al, 2005) and three times smaller than the largest global estimate of 547 pmol m −2 h −1 (Butler et al, 2007).…”

Section: Sgi and Pgi During The Sonne-transbrom Cruisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean emission rates observed in the West Pacific in October 2009 for CHBr 3 of 608 pmol m −2 h −1 are approximately in the middle of global mean values ranging from 274 pmol m −2 h −1 (Carpenter and Liss, 2000) to 1041 pmol m −2 h −1 (Quack and Wallace, 2003;Butler et al, 2007). The mean rate for CH 2 Br 2 of 164 pmol m −2 h −1 is only slightly larger than the lowest global estimate of 119 pmol m −2 h −1 (Yokouchi et al, 2005) and three times smaller than the largest global estimate of 547 pmol m −2 h −1 (Butler et al, 2007). The CH 2 Br 2 mean emission rate is based on extremely low emissions observed during the first part of the cruise in the open ocean and on low to moderate emissions observed during the second part of the cruise which was more under coastal influence.…”

Section: Sgi and Pgi During The Sonne-transbrom Cruisementioning

confidence: 99%

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Emission and transport of bromocarbons: from the West Pacific ocean into the stratosphere

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Oceanic emissions of halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLS) are expected to contribute significantly to the stratospheric halogen loading and therefore to ozone depletion. The amount of VSLS transported into the stratosphere is estimated based on in-situ observations around the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and on modeling studies which mostly use prescribed global emission scenarios to reproduce observed atmospheric concentrations. In addition to upper-air VSLS measurements, direct observations of oceanic VSLS emissions are available along ship cruise tracks. Here we use such in-situ observations of VSLS emissions from the West Pacific and tropical Atlantic together with an atmospheric Lagrangian transport model to estimate the direct contribution of bromoform (CHBr 3 ), and dibromomethane (CH 2 Br 2 ) to the stratospheric bromine loading as well as their ozone depletion potential. Our emissionbased estimates of VSLS profiles are compared to upperair observations and thus link observed oceanic emissions and in situ TTL measurements. This comparison determines how VSLS emissions and transport in the cruise track regions contribute to global upper-air VSLS estimates. The West Pacific emission-based profiles and the global upper-air observations of CHBr 3 show a relatively good agreement indicating that emissions from the West Pacific provide an average contribution to the global CHBr 3 budget. The tropical Atlantic, although also being a CHBr 3 source region, is of less importance for global upper-air CHBr 3 estimates as revealed by the small emission-based abundances in the TTL.Western Pacific CH 2 Br 2 emission-based estimates are considerably smaller than upper-air observations as a result of the relatively low sea-to-air flux found in the West Pacific. Together, CHBr 3 and CH 2 Br 2 emissions from the West Pacific are projected to contribute to the stratospheric bromine budget with 0.4 pptv Br on average and 2.3 pptv Br for cases of maximum emissions through product and source gas injection. These relatively low estimates reveal that the tropical West Pacific, although characterized by strong convective transport, might overall contribute less VSLS to the stratospheric bromine budget than other regions as a result of only low CH 2 Br 2 and moderate CHBr 3 oceanic emissions.

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Section: Sgi and Pgi During The Sonne-transbrom Cruisementioning

confidence: 52%

Section: S Tegtmeier Et Al: Emission and Transport Of Bromocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sgi and Pgi During The Sonne-transbrom Cruisementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sgi and Pgi During The Sonne-transbrom Cruisementioning

confidence: 99%

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Emission and transport of bromocarbons: from the West Pacific ocean into the stratosphere

et al. 2012

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“…Indeed the contribution of VSLSs to the total chlorine entering the stratosphere is estimated to be only 55 (38-95) ppt (Carpenter et al, 2015), which is between 1 and 3 % of the present-day (2012) total (3300 ppt). However, because of their short lifetimes, the potential impact of VSLSs on stratospheric ozone is highly dependent on the location of their sources, with emissions close to the major stratospheric input regions being of far greater significance for ozone depletion (Brioude et al, 2010;Pisso et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Large and effective reductions in emissions of long-lived ozone-depleting substance (ODS) are being achieved through the Montreal Protocol, the effectiveness of which can be seen in the declining atmospheric abundances of many ODSs. An important remaining uncertainty concerns the role of very short-lived substances (VSLSs) which, owing to their relatively short atmospheric lifetimes (less than 6 months), are not regulated under the Montreal Protocol. Recent studies have found an unexplained increase in the global tropospheric abundance of one VSLS, dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2 ), which has increased by around 60 % over the past decade. Here we report dramatic enhancements of several chlorine-containing VSLSs (Cl-VSLSs), including CH 2 Cl 2 and CH 2 ClCH 2 Cl (1,2-dichloroethane), observed in surface and upper-tropospheric air in East and South East Asia. Surface observations were, on occasion, an order of magnitude higher than previously reported in the marine boundary layer, whilst upper-tropospheric data were up to 3 times higher than expected. In addition, we provide further evidence of an atmospheric transport mechanism whereby substantial amounts of industrial pollution from East Asia, including these chlorinated VSLSs, can rapidly, and regularly, be transported to tropical regions of the western Pacific and subsequently uplifted to the tropical upper troposphere. This latter region is a major provider of air entering the stratosphere, and so this mechanism, in conjunction with increasing emissions of Cl-VSLSs from East Asia, could potentially slow the expected recovery of stratospheric ozone.

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Determination of the source regions for surface to stratosphere transport: An Eulerian backtracking approach

Haines

Esler

2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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A wide range of inverse problems in atmospheric transport and chemistry can be solved within the Eulerian backtracking framework. Here it is shown how a new and accurate numerical implementation can be used as an alternative to Lagrangian back trajectory methods in a wide class of process studies. As a key example, the question of how the (time‐averaged) stratospheric flux of a finite lifetime chemical species depends upon the location(s) of its surface source(s) is addressed. The resulting sensitivity maps are demonstrated to be robust features of the global atmospheric circulation, with relatively low interannual variability. The maps serve as an at‐a‐glance resource for policymakers wishing to compare the likely impact of proposed emission locations for very short lived halogenated species on the total loading of stratospheric chlorine and bromine.

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Variations in ozone depletion potentials of very short‐lived substances with season and emission region

Cited by 44 publications

References 20 publications

Emission and transport of bromocarbons: from the West Pacific ocean into the stratosphere

Emission and transport of bromocarbons: from the West Pacific ocean into the stratosphere

A growing threat to the ozone layer from short-lived anthropogenic chlorocarbons

Determination of the source regions for surface to stratosphere transport: An Eulerian backtracking approach

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