“…1 ). In each country, samples were collected in the cotton-belt and pastoral areas characterized by an intense use of veterinary drugs [ 22 , 23 ]. Fig.…”
BackgroundDiminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsThe results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028).ConclusionsThe high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.
“…1 ). In each country, samples were collected in the cotton-belt and pastoral areas characterized by an intense use of veterinary drugs [ 22 , 23 ]. Fig.…”
BackgroundDiminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsThe results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028).ConclusionsThe high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.
“…Les éleveurs du Mouhoun se trouvaient régulièrement confrontés à des échecs de traitement dus à une mauvaise utilisation des médicaments, à l'utilisation de produits périmés, frauduleux, de mauvaise qualité ; l'importance de l'achat des médicaments sur le marché informel et de l'administration par des non-professionnels était associée à l'accès difficile à un vétérinaire. Les échecs dus aux chimiorésistances au diminazène et à l'isométamidium doivent être considérés car le Burkina Faso figure parmi les dix pays dans lesquels des cas de chimiorésistance ont été constatés dans au moins une région (Delespeaux et al, 2008 ;Talaki et al, 2009 ;Talaki et al, 2006). D'autres méthodes efficaces comme le traitement épicutané du bétail étaient utilisées au Kenya (45 % des éleveurs y utilisaient du « Pour-on », 27 % utilisaient le bain d'insecticide communal et 7 % utilisaient le pié-geage biconique pour réduire l'effectif des glossines ; Ohaga et al, 2007).…”
Perceptions des éleveurs et stratégies de gestion du risque trypanosomien dans le bassin du fleuve Mouhoun (Burkina Faso) Résumé La pression trypanosomienne demeure un obstacle pour le développement durable de l'élevage en Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier dans le bassin du Mouhoun, au Burkina Faso. Aujourd'hui, l'utilisation des savoirs locaux et l'implication des communautés rurales apparaissent indispensables dans les projets de lutte contre les trypanosomoses animales africaines (TAA). Deux méthodes participatives ont été utilisées : la rapid rural appraisal (RRA) et la méthode accélérée de recherche participative (MARP). Elles ont permis de décrire deux types de systèmes d'exploitation en se basant sur le mode d'élevage. La perception du risque dans les différents groupes a été évaluée par des méthodes qualitatives et par scoring sur la base de questionnaires semi-ouverts : elle était principalement liée au site et concordait plus ou moins avec le risque estimé par la sérologie et l'entomologie, avec cependant moins d'exactitude et de précision. Les stratégies de contrôle des TAA, basées essentiellement sur l'usage des trypanocides, étaient encore largement décidées et mises en oeuvre par les éleveurs eux-mêmes. La MARP a révélé que l'évitement des contacts hôtes/vecteurs était une stratégie efficace mais rarement réalisable. Ces méthodes d'épidémiologie participative constituent des outils pratiques de conseil sanitaire adaptés au contexte.
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