Varicella in the prison setting: A report of three outbreaks in Rhode Island and a review of the literature

Murphy, Matthew; Berns, Abby L.; Bandyopadhyay, Utpala; Rich, Josiah D.; Quilliam, Daniela N; Clarke, Jennifer G.; Kane, Kimberly; Salas, Christopher; Yousaf, Ana; Reece, Rebecca

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.031

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Populations living and working in jails and prisons have historically been susceptible to infectious disease outbreaks [ 9 ], including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) [ 13 ], tuberculosis (TB) [ 14 ], influenza [ 15 ], syphilis [ 16 ], varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) [ 17 ], and foodborne illnesses [ 18 ]. TB, for example, is highly prevalent among COs in the United States [ 19 ], and TB outbreaks in prisons have led to documented community spread [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States

2021

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Background Multiple large outbreaks of COVID-19 have been documented in prisons and jails across regions of the world, with hazardous environmental conditions amplify the risks of exposure for both incarcerated people and correctional staff. The objectives of this study are to estimate the cumulative prevalence of COVID-19 cases among U.S. prison staff over time and compare it to the prison inmate population and the general U.S. population, overall, and to examine risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff across jurisdictions. Methods We use publicly available data (April 22, 2020 to January 15, 2021) to estimate COVID-19 crude case rates per 1000 with 95% confidence intervals over the study period for prison staff, incarcerated population, and general population. We also compare COVID-19 case rates between prison staff and the general population within jurisdictions. Results Over the study period, prison staff have reported consistently higher rates of COVID-19 compared to the general population, with prison staff case rates more closely mirroring the incarcerated population case rates. The rolling 7-day average case rates for prison staff, prison population, and general population on January 15, 2021 were 196.04 per 1000 (95%CI 194.81, 197.26), 219.16 (95%CI 218.45, 219.86), and 69.80 (95%CI 69.78, 69.83), respectively. There was substantial heterogeneity across jurisdictions, yet in 87% of study jurisdictions, the risk of COVID-19 was significantly greater among prison staff than the general state population. Conclusions Targeting staff for COVID-19 mitigation strategies is essential to protect the health of people who intersect with the correctional system and to flatten the curve in the surrounding communities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States

2021

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“…58 Another US investigation recommended serological testing for exposed PIP who lack clear documentary evidence of immunisation or prior clinical diagnosis. 61 Restrictions, isolation and quarantine Restrictions on movement and mixing between PIP can be challenging, with logistical implications for essential legal and prison processes, as well as potential effects on rehabilitation and well-being because of disruption to structured therapeutic programmes, social contacts and legal advice. The range of restrictions varied, including limiting movements within a prison, 43 44 50 53 57 60 68 transfers in and out, 43 48 50 51 55 66 67 stopping new entrants, 44 48 60 66 transport of affected individuals, 44 family and legal visits, 50 66 68 school programmes, 60 and transport between prisons and courts.…”

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confidence: 99%

Managing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prisons: a systematic review

et al. 2020

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BackgroundThere are reports of outbreaks of COVID-19 in prisons in many countries. Responses to date have been highly variable and it is not clear whether public health guidance has been informed by the best available evidence. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise the evidence on outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prison.MethodsWe searched seven electronic databases for peer-reviewed articles and official reports published between 1 January 2000 and 28 July 2020. We included quantitative primary research that reported an outbreak of a given contagious disease in a correctional facility and examined the effects of interventions. We excluded studies that did not provide detail on interventions. We synthesised common themes using the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guideline, identified gaps in the literature and critically appraised the effectiveness of various containment approaches.ResultsWe identified 28 relevant studies. Investigations were all based in high-income countries and documented outbreaks of tuberculosis, influenza (types A and B), varicella, measles, mumps, adenovirus and COVID-19. Several themes were common to these reports, including the public health implications of infectious disease outbreaks in prison, and the role of interagency collaboration, health communication, screening for contagious diseases, restriction, isolation and quarantine, contact tracing, immunisation programmes, epidemiological surveillance and prison-specific guidelines in addressing any outbreaks.DiscussionPrisons are high-risk settings for the transmission of contagious diseases and there are considerable challenges in managing outbreaks in them. A public health approach to managing COVID-19 in prisons is required.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020178827

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“…El mayor número de casos reportados de varicela para el año 2017 al 2018, fue en la penitenciara de mediana seguridad de la ciudad de Cali, el 100% de los casos se presentaron en el sexo masculino, siendo la población adulta joven la más afectada, comparado con un estudio realizado en RhodeIsland, estados unidos, se hace referencia que la población afectada en uno de los tres brotes estudiados dentro de las penitenciarías la edad media era de 29 años (20). Esto ratifica que la población joven adulta es susceptible a reinfección por el virus de la varicela zoster y que a medida que vamos avanzando en edad nuestro cuerpo va generando anticuerpos para este virus hasta quedar inmune (21).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Varicela en población privada de la libertad

Ramírez

Beltrán

Zúñiga

et al. 2020

Interdiscip J Epidemiol Pub Health

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Antecedentes: La infección con la varicela zoster es mundial. La incidencia varía por grupos de edad, localización geográfica. En Colombia la transmisibilidad el virus se favorece por la multiplicidad de climas, aspectos geográficos y atmosféricos. En el año 2016 se notificaron 112.400 casos, 34.037 en población adulta, 744 fueron población privada de la libertad (PPL). La definición de brote en establecimientos carcelarios se da a partir de un caso. Condiciones de hacinamiento y el contexto social hacen interesante conocer el estudio de brote y las medidas de implementación realizadas.Objetivo: Describir los factores de riesgo, características demográficas y evaluar medidas de control de la varicela en el Centro de Prisiones y Prisiones de Seguridad Moderada(EPMSC) de Cali de 2017 a 2018Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal entre el 2017 al 2018 en PPL, mediante registros, entrevistas y fichas de notificación se analizaron variables de tiempo, lugar y persona, se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencias, se calcularon medidas de tendencia central, tasas de ataque y proporciones por pabellón.Resultados: Fue un brote de fuente propagada, se registraron 146 casos. La tasa de ataque del brote (2017) fue de 2.2% y en 2018 fue de 0.4%. El pabellon con mayor tasa de ataque (2017) fue el 5 (4.9%) y en 2018 el 1A (2.5%). El hacinamiento en el 2017 fue de 264% y en el 2018 de 192%.Conclusiones: El hacinamiento y las condiciones de salud en los centros penitenciarios dificultan el control oportuno de las epidemias.

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Varicella in the prison setting: A report of three outbreaks in Rhode Island and a review of the literature

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States

Risk of COVID-19 infection among prison staff in the United States

Managing outbreaks of highly contagious diseases in prisons: a systematic review

Varicela en población privada de la libertad

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