Vascular adhesion protein‐1 as indicator of breast cancer tumor aggressiveness and invasiveness

Abstract

Recent studies suggest that vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), a 180-KDa homodimeric glycoprotein, may be associated with cancer-related events including tumor cell migration, motility, invasion, or metastasis. Therefore, this study applies VAP-1 immunohistochemical staining to demonstrate the invasiveness component of the breast cancer. The VAP-1 staining results were compared in 148 breast cancer cases to identify possible correlations with clinical status, including age, tumor size, tumor grade, TNM stage, lymphatic invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and survival rate. Immunohistochemical staining results showed VAP-1 negative or weak staining in normal ducts and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but these phenotypes were positively associated with a stiffened VAP-1 that presented at the invasive front of the lesion. Our data demonstrated that VAP-1 expression was positively associated with lymphatic invasion, distant metastasis, and patient survival in breast carcinoma. Notably, VAP-1 expression was found to be significantly correlated with the overall survival (p < 0.0001). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that VAP-1 expression was a significant independent prognostic indicator of overall survival in breast carcinoma (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, this study suggests that VAP-1 is linked to progression of tumor invasion and metastasis in breast carcinoma. VAP-1 is shown to be a biomarker that can be predict invasive potential and clinical outcome in breast cancer.

Increased Vascular Adhesion Protein 1 (VAP-1) Levels Are Associated with Alternative M2 Macrophage Activation and Poor Prognosis for Human Gliomas

“…Low levels of DNA methylation occurred in worse prognostic glioma, which might imply demethylation as an epigenetic modification to enhance gene expression in accordance with high levels of AOC3 gene expression in patients with poor outcome. Excessive VAP-1 presented in malignant tumors is reported as having positive association with neoplastic disorders as also seen in the authors' work [31][32][33]36,[38][39][40][41]44]. In this study, 108 glioma patients were evaluated in this study with 56 patients presenting positive VAP-1 phenotype, which closely paralleled earlier reports that malignant neoplastic tissues expressed higher VAP-1 immunohistochemically [37].…”

“…Notably, VAP-1 encourages IL-1β-stimulated M2 macrophage recruitment and infiltration that contribute to lymphogenesis and angiogenesis [36]. Recent works have revealed that VAP-1 is strongly expressed in angiogenic diseases and malignant neoplasms [37][38][39][40], and its gene amplification has been verified in the genome of cancer [41]. We previously reported that increased VAP-1 expression correlated with advancing grades and worse outcome in astrocytoma patients [37].…”

Proteomic Discovery of Biomarkers to Predict Prognosis of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma

“…VAP1, an adhesion molecule mediating interactions between various inflammatory and endothelial cells, may be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. High expression of VAP1 was associated with a lower overall survival in breast cancer [23,24]. In our study, VAP was identified as a poor prognostic factor for PFS in patients with HGSOC.…”

Detecting Hub Genes Associated With Lauren Subtype of Gastric Cancer by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis

“…AOC3 that is an amine oxidase with copper as a cofactor is an in ammation-inducible endothelial cell molecule mediating leucocyte interactions with the blood vessels for its adhesive property (38). To date, AOC3 is has been showed to be a prognostic marker in breast cancer and astrocytomas (39,40).…”