Vascular Pattern in Enchondroma and Chondrosarcoma

Cintra, Francisco Fontes; Etchebehere, Maurício; Gonçalves, José Carlos Barbi; Cassone, Alejandro Enzo; Amstalden, Eliane Maria Ingrid

doi:10.1097/pai.0b013e3182a8da2e

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Without neovascularization the size of a tumor is inherently limited to 1–5 mm due to restricted oxygen and nutrient availability [ 65 ]. Although conventional chondrosarcomas remain poorly vascularized compared to other tumors [ 66 , 67 ], which may contribute to the cartilage like differentiation and systemic chemotherapy resistance, induction of angiogenesis is the major limiting step towards local invasion and metastasis. This is reflected by a low rate of vascularization in G1 conventional chondrosarcomas, which is largely enhanced in the significantly more aggressive G2 and G3 chondrosarcomas [ 66 , 68 ].…”

Section: Hypoxia and Angiogenesis In The Bone Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although conventional chondrosarcomas remain poorly vascularized compared to other tumors [ 66 , 67 ], which may contribute to the cartilage like differentiation and systemic chemotherapy resistance, induction of angiogenesis is the major limiting step towards local invasion and metastasis. This is reflected by a low rate of vascularization in G1 conventional chondrosarcomas, which is largely enhanced in the significantly more aggressive G2 and G3 chondrosarcomas [ 66 , 68 ]. VEGF and FGF2, which have an intense crosstalk, are the two main growth factors involved in chondrosarcoma angiogenesis [ 65 ].…”

Section: Hypoxia and Angiogenesis In The Bone Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, conventional chondrosarcomas are highly resistant both to radiation and chemotherapy [ 139 , 140 , 141 ]. Chemoresistance of chondrosarcoma may be due to slow proliferation, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) overexpression [ 142 , 143 ], poor vascularity [ 66 , 67 ] and dense hyaline ECM [ 144 ] when compared to other cancers. Notably, under moderate hypoxic conditions (5% O 2 ) radiation resistance of chondrosarcoma cell lines was significantly higher compared to standard cell culture conditions (21% O 2 ) [ 141 ], indicating that prevalent hypoxia may also interfere with radiation response in chondrosarcoma.…”

Section: Chondrosarcoma Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance

Boehme

Schleicher

Traub

et al. 2018

IJMS

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Unlike other malignant bone tumors including osteosarcomas and Ewing sarcomas with a peak incidence in adolescents and young adults, conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas mainly affect people in the 4th to 7th decade of life. To date, the cell type of chondrosarcoma origin is not clearly defined. However, it seems that mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells (MSPC) in the bone marrow facing a pro-proliferative as well as predominantly chondrogenic differentiation milieu, as is implicated in early stage osteoarthritis (OA) at that age, are the source of chondrosarcoma genesis. But how can MSPC become malignant? Indeed, only one person in 1,000,000 will develop a chondrosarcoma, whereas the incidence of OA is a thousandfold higher. This means a rare coincidence of factors allowing escape from senescence and apoptosis together with induction of angiogenesis and migration is needed to generate a chondrosarcoma. At early stages, chondrosarcomas are still assumed to be an intermediate type of tumor which rarely metastasizes. Unfortunately, advanced stages show a pronounced resistance both against chemo- and radiation-therapy and frequently metastasize. In this review, we elucidate signaling pathways involved in the genesis and therapeutic resistance of chondrosarcomas with a focus on MSPC compared to signaling in articular cartilage (AC).

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Section: Hypoxia and Angiogenesis In The Bone Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hypoxia and Angiogenesis In The Bone Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chondrosarcoma Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance

Boehme

Schleicher

Traub

et al. 2018

IJMS

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“…However, different studies have evaluated the role of miRNAs in angiogenesis and metastatic progression in CS. Angiogenesis is associated with worse prognosis in CS [122]. It has been shown that CCL5 induces downregulation of miR-199a and miR-200b, not being able to regulate VEGF-A, resulting in higher VEGF-A levels in cells [123,124].…”

Section: Exosomes In Csmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes in Bone Sarcomas: Key Players in Metastasis

Chicón-Bosch

Tirado

2020

Cells

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Bone sarcomas are rare cancers which often present with metastatic disease and are still associated with poor survival rates. Studies in the last decade have identified that exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle released by cells, play an important role in tumour progression and dissemination. Through the transfer of their cargo (RNAs, proteins, and lipids) across cells, they are involved in cellular cross-talk and can induce changes in cellular behaviour. Exosomes have been shown to be important in metastasis organotropism, induction of angiogenesis and vascular permeability, the education of cells towards a pro-metastatic phenotype or the interaction between stromal and tumour cells. Due to the importance exosomes have in disease progression and the high incidence of metastasis in bone sarcomas, recent studies have evaluated the implications of these extracellular vesicles in bone sarcomas. In this review, we discuss the studies that evaluate the role of exosomes in osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and preliminary data on chondrosarcoma.

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“…CS is classified into three grades along the malignancy. Angiogenesis has been seen in tumor tissue to be associated with the upgrading of malignancy [116]. There are several reports about the regulation of VEGF and angiogenesis through the control of miRNAs in CS.…”

Section: The Functions Of Mirna and Exosomes In Sarcomamentioning

confidence: 99%

An Insight into the Roles of MicroRNAs and Exosomes in Sarcoma

Kohama

Kosaka

Chikuda

et al. 2019

Cancers

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Sarcomas are rare solid tumors, but at least one-third of patients with sarcoma die from tumor-related disease. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a noncoding RNA that regulates gene expression in all cells and plays a key role in the progression of cancers. Recently, it was identified that miRNAs are transferred between cells by enclosure in extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes. The exosome is a 100 nm-sized membraned vesicle that is secreted by many kinds of cells and contains miRNA, mRNA, DNA, and proteins. Cancer uses exosomes to influence not only the tumor microenvironment but also the distant organ to create a premetastatic niche. The progression of sarcoma is also regulated by miRNAs and exosomes. These miRNAs and exosomes can be targeted as biomarkers and treatments. In this review, we summarize the studies of miRNA and exosomes in sarcoma.

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Vascular Pattern in Enchondroma and Chondrosarcoma

Cited by 8 publications

References 33 publications

Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance

Chondrosarcoma: A Rare Misfortune in Aging Human Cartilage? The Role of Stem and Progenitor Cells in Proliferation, Malignant Degeneration and Therapeutic Resistance

Exosomes in Bone Sarcomas: Key Players in Metastasis

An Insight into the Roles of MicroRNAs and Exosomes in Sarcoma

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