VCSEL applications diversify as technology matures

Szweda, Roy

doi:10.1016/s0961-1290(06)71477-6

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The relation between the target velocity VT and the Doppler frequency shift fD is given by Eq. (3) considering that the velocity vector and the optical propagation axis realize an angle θ (see Fig. 1).…”

Section: A Doppler Velocimeter Based On Self-mixing Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past few years, due to their intrinsic advantages such as low threshold current, single longitudinal mode operation, circular output beam and wafer integration properties, Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) have received considerable attention. VCSELs are widely used in optical communications, optical interconnects and information processes [3], but a very few works have been published on their potential interest in sensing applications based on self-mixing effect. Furthermore, most of this works are focused on single transverse mode VCSELs properties, as for example polarization bi-stability [4], [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multimode VCSELs for Self-Mixing Velocity Measurements

Perchoux

Bosch

2007

2007 IEEE Sensors

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In this paper, we present the feasibility of a laser Doppler velocimeter using self-mixing effect in low-cost strongly multimode VCSELs (AlGaAs). The prototype of velocity sensor demonstrates a 20dB signal-to-noise ratio over an amplification bandwidth of 10MHz allowing velocity measurements up to 8.5m.s −1 . The VCSEL-based self-mixing sensor has been characterized at various distances from the target, and with cooperative and non-cooperative surfaces. A characterization of the temperature sensitivity of the VCSEL-based velocimeter results is presented which demonstrates the great stability of the device over an important temperature range. A comparison between results obtained with strongly multimode VCSELs and Fabry-Pérot laser diodes in velocimetry applications is achieved. We finally discuss the intrinsic advantages of VCSELs in self-mixing applications as in particular for on-board sensors.

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Section: A Doppler Velocimeter Based On Self-mixing Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimode VCSELs for Self-Mixing Velocity Measurements

Perchoux

Bosch

2007

2007 IEEE Sensors

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“…Since they were first developed in 1979, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), a type of semiconductor diode lasers based on epitaxially grown compound semiconductors, have made a significant contribution to the advancement of various important technological applications in areas including optical communication, data scanning and sensing, infrared illumination, laser printing, and others . More recently, VCSELs have been also rapidly emerging as a coherent excitation light source for biomedical detection and imaging .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliant, Heterogeneously Integrated GaAs Micro‐VCSELs towards Wearable and Implantable Integrated Optoelectronics Platforms

Kang

Lee

et al. 2014

Advanced Optical Materials

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optical communication, [ 2,3 ] data scanning and sensing, [ 4,5 ] infrared illumination, [ 6,7 ] laser printing, [ 8,9 ] and others. [ 10,11 ] More recently, VCSELs have been also rapidly emerging as a coherent excitation light source for biomedical detection and imaging. [ 12,13 ] Despite such increasingly versatile utilities, established modes of exploiting VCSELs have been intrinsically limited as they rely mainly on devices that operate on their native growth substrates, which is attributed to diffi culties in materials growth, processing, and assembly methods that are not readily compatible with programmable distribution on unusual substrates over large area, as well as heterogeneous integration with dissimilar materials and devices. [ 14,15 ] Furthermore, VCSELs, typically built on rigid and brittle semiconductor wafers, restricted their capacity to integrate effectively onto systems with a soft, non-planar interface, which can be extremely useful for many unconventional applications. [ 16,17 ] Whereas a number of different approaches such as fl ip-chip integration, [ 18,19 ] wafer bonding, [20][21][22] fl uidic assembly, [ 23,24 ] epitaxial lift-off (ELO), [ 25,26 ] and appliqué [ 14,27,28 ] have been developed for integrating VCSELs on non-native substrates with their own advantages, none of them are suitable for commercial implementation and for achieving systems that satisfy all of above-described features due to many diffi cult and persistent challenges including little or no control over areal coverage and spatial layout, compromised performance during the fabrication and assembly (e.g., etching or wafer bonding), poor cost-effectiveness and low throughput, as well as limited choices of substrate materials. Although the conventional ELO process has been successfully used for solar cells and other optoelectronic devices in the past decades, [ 16,[29][30][31][32] its application to VCSELs remained great challenges owing to signifi cant damages in active materials such as mirror layers and quantum wells during the sacrifi cial removal of AlAs, and resulting strongly deteriorated device performance. Furthermore, all of aforementioned approaches are lack of capabilities to manipulate individual or selective sets of microscale VCSELs with customizable device layouts to meet specifi c requirements of applications. Here we present an approach to overcome all of Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) represent a ubiquitous light source with unique performance characteristics that excel for edge-emitting lasers or light-emitting diodes. VCSELs are available, however, mostly on growth wafers in rigid, planar formats over restricted areas, thereby frustrating their use for applications that benefi t greatly from unconventional design options including large-scale, programmable assemblies on unusual substrates, hybrid integration with dissimilar materials and devices, or mechanically compliant constructions. Here, materials design and fabrication strategies are presented to overcome these limitations of ...

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“…Suggested by Prof. Kenichi Iga and first demonstrated by the research group at Tokyo Institute of Technology in the late 1970s [1-3], VCSELs are a commodity item today [4] and already serve millions of computer users as the key component in modern navigation devices such as the optical mouse. In even larger quantity, this laser type has entirely replaced edge-emitting laser diodes for use in multimode fiber-based Gbit/s speed optical data transmission in premises networks and for the interconnection of various kinds of computer clusters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VCSEL Fundamentals

Michalzik

2012

Springer Series in Optical Sciences

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In this chapter we outline major principles of vertical-cavity surfaceemitting laser (VCSEL) design and operation. Basic device properties and generally applicable cavity design rules are introduced. Characteristic parameters like threshold gain and current, differential quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiency, as well as thermal resistance are discussed. We describe the design of Bragg reflectors and explain the transfer matrix method as a convenient tool to compute VCSEL resonator properties in a one-dimensional approximation. Experimental results illustrate the emission characteristics of high-efficiency VCSELs that apply selective oxidation for current and photon confinement. Both the 850 and 980 nm wavelength regions are considered. The basic treatment of laser dynamics and noise behavior is presented in terms of the small-signal modulation response as well as the relative intensity noise. Finally we give some examples of VCSEL applications in fiber-based optical interconnects, i.e., optical data transmission over short distances. IntroductionVCSELs have undergone an extraordinary evolution over the past three decades. Suggested by Prof. Kenichi Iga and first demonstrated by the research group at Tokyo Institute of Technology in the late 1970s [1-3], VCSELs are a commodity item today [4] and already serve millions of computer users as the key component in modern navigation devices such as the optical mouse. In even larger quantity, this laser type has entirely replaced edge-emitting laser diodes for use in multimode fiber-based Gbit/s speed optical data transmission in premises networks and for the interconnection of various kinds of computer clusters. Several books entirely devoted R. Michalzik (B)

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VCSEL applications diversify as technology matures

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Multimode VCSELs for Self-Mixing Velocity Measurements

Multimode VCSELs for Self-Mixing Velocity Measurements

Compliant, Heterogeneously Integrated GaAs Micro‐VCSELs towards Wearable and Implantable Integrated Optoelectronics Platforms

VCSEL Fundamentals

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