“…Circular beam characteristics are nicely compatible with micro-optics and optical fiber technologies. VCSELs with emission wavelengths ranging from UV to blue, green, red, near-, and mid-infrared have been developed 3) for a variety of applications 4) in optical datacom, 5,6) sensing, 7) and imaging. From a commercial point of view, high-performance oxide-confined InAlGaAs VCSELs with emission wavelengths between 750 and 1200 nm certainly dominate the market.…”