Vector Competence of Australian Mosquito Species for a North American Strain of West Nile Virus

Jansen, Cassie C.; Webb, Cameron E.; Northill, Judy A; Ritchie, Scott A.; Russell, Richard C.; Hurk, Andrew F. van den

doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0037

Cited by 51 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…quinquefasciatus . 39,40 Contrary to evidence of vertical transmission in North American Cx. quinquefasciatus , 42,50 Galápagos populations showed no transmission to progeny, which suggests that vertical transmission may have a limited role in maintenance of WNV in Galápagos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…3 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL of WNV (NY99 strain). 40 Extensive geographic variation can arise in the rates of basic infection, dissemination beyond the midgut, and salivary transmission of WNV, even within the same state in the United States. For example, in California under comparable test conditions, one population of Cx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infected blood meals had a median WNV dosage of 7.7 log 10 PFU/mL. The titer used was relatively high; comparative studies showed a titer range from 4.1 log 10 PFU/mL 40 to > 8.0 log 10 PFU/mL. 32 However, such virus levels realistically occur in nature in passerine birds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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West Nile Virus Vector Competency of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes in the Galápagos Islands

Eastwood

Kramer²,

Goodman³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The mosquito-transmitted pathogen West Nile virus (WNV) is not yet present in the Galápagos Archipelago of Ecuador. However, concern exists for fragile endemic island fauna after population decreases in several North American bird species and pathology in certain reptiles. We examined WNV vector competency of a Galápagos strain of mosquito ( Culex quinquefasciatus Say). Field specimens were tested for their capacity to transmit the WN02-1956 strain of WNV after incubation at 27°C or 30°C. Rates of infection, dissemination, and transmission all increased with days post-exposure to WNV, and the highest rates were observed at 28 days. Infection rates peaked at 59% and transmission rates peaked at 44% (of mosquitoes tested). Vector efficiency increased after day 14. Rates of infection but not of transmission were significantly influence by temperature. No vertical transmission was detectable. We demonstrate that Galápagos Cx. quinquefasciatus are competent WNV vectors, and therefore should be considered an animal and public health risk for the islands and controlled wherever possible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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West Nile Virus Vector Competency of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes in the Galápagos Islands

Eastwood

Kramer²,

Goodman³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…13,18 Culex quinquefasciatus vector competence was examined with MVEV, 19,20 RRV, 14,17,20,21 DENV, 22 JEV, 23 and WNV. 24 Competence of Ae. australis for SINV was studied with mosquitoes from Australia, 21,25 whereas NZ mosquitoes were used to study competence for RRV and DENV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector Competence of New Zealand Mosquitoes for Selected Arboviruses

Kramer¹,

Chin²,

Cane³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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* New Zealand (NZ) Endemic (E); NZ Introduced (I); non-NZ control (C) mosquito species. † Developmental stage at time of collection. ‡ Not applicable. GPS = global positioning system. 184KRAMER AND OTHERS and adults maintained as described previously. Females were fed weekly on defibrinated rabbit blood (Hema-Resources) sweetened with 10% sucrose. Eggs were collected weekly, allowed to embryonate, and stored in a small plastic bag in a closed container containing a moist sponge for humidity. When needed, the eggs were hatched under vacuum and larvae reared in low densities.Aedes albopictus. Eggs were kindly provided in April 2007 by D. Seversen, Notre Dame University. Mosquitoes were reared and maintained in a colony, and eggs stored as described for Ae. aegypti .Culex pipiens ( USA ) . A colony was established from mosquitoes collected by M. Hutchinson in 2002 in Pennsylvania. Mosquitoes were reared and adults maintained as described previously except mosquitoes were maintained in 46 cm 3 cages. Adult females were fed weekly on defibrinated goose blood (Rockland Immunochemical) sweetened with 10% sucrose.Culex quinquefasciatus ( USA ) . Mosquito larvae were provided by D. Fonseca, Rutgers University in 2008. The colony originated from Benzon Research, Inc. (Carlisle, PA) who obtained the mosquitoes from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The adults were maintained at 26°C as described previously.Mosquito feeding preferences. Blood preference and optimum feeding time were determined before the vector competence assays for each mosquito species ( Table 2 ). A variety of defibrinated bloods were offered including guinea pig, sheep, rabbit, bovine, and goose using pledgets, sausage casing (porcine casing rinsed in the brine solution, knotted at one end, filled with the virus suspension, knotted, and warmed in a 30°C water bath), and membranes. The results ( Table 2 ) guided the subsequent feedings.Cells and viruses. Aedes albopictus cells (C6/36; ATCC CRL-1660) were grown in minimal essential medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Hyclone, Logan, UT), 2 mM L-glutamine, 0.3% sodium bicarbonate, 100 U of penicillin/mL, and 100 μg of streptomycin/ mL and 1 U of non-essential amino acids/mL. African Green monkey kidney cells (Vero; ATCC CC1-81) were grown in the same medium but without non-essential amino acids.The history of the 12 virus strains used in this study are listed in Table 3 . The viruses included five flaviviruses ( Flaviviridae , Flavivirus ): WNV, MVEV, DENV serotype 2 (DENV2), Yellow fever virus (YFV), and JEV; and four alphaviruses ( Togaviridae , Alphavirus ) BFV, RRV, CHIKV, and SINV. Viruses used in the vector competence assays were generally prepared on the day of use from a fresh harvest of infected C6/36 cells; however, several studies used virus thawed from a frozen stock with a known concentration of virus, as noted in Tables 4 and 5 .Vector competence assays. Peroral infection. All work with infectious blood meals was conducted in the BSL3...

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“…Dengue viruses are introduced into northern Queensland by viremic travelers, causing periodic outbreaks, 3,4 and annual Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) activity occurs in the Torres Strait. 5 The presence of competent vectors of exotic arboviruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) 6 and chikungunya virus (van den Hurk AF and others, unpublished data) in Australia highlights the biosecurity threat from the potential introduction of exotic viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Sources of Mosquitoes Collected from Urban and Peri-Urban Environments in Eastern Australia with Species-Specific Molecular Analysis of Avian Blood Meals

Jansen¹,

Webb²,

Graham³

et al. 2009

Am J Trop Med Hyg

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To identify the hosts of mosquitoes collected from urban and peri-urban habitats in eastern Australia, 1,180 blood fed mosquitoes representing 15 species were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and molecular techniques. Four common and epidemiologically important species could be classified according to their host-feeding patterns: Aedes aegypti was anthropophilic, Ae. vigilax was mammalophilic, Culex quinquefasciatus was ornithophilic, and Cx. annulirostris was opportunistic, readily feeding on birds and mammals. Mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequence data showed that more than 75% of avian blood meals identified from Cx. annulirostris collected from Brisbane, Newcastle, and Sydney originated from ducks (Order Anseriformes, Family Anatidae). More than 75% of avian blood meals from Cx. quinquefasciatus from Cairns belonged to one of three Passerine species, namely Sphecotheres vieilloti (figbird), Sturnus tristis (common myna), and Philemon buceroides (helmeted friarbird). This study demonstrates associations between vectors in Australia and vertebrate hosts of endemic and exotic arboviruses.

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Vector Competence of Australian Mosquito Species for a North American Strain of West Nile Virus

Cited by 51 publications

References 42 publications

West Nile Virus Vector Competency of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes in the Galápagos Islands

West Nile Virus Vector Competency of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes in the Galápagos Islands

Vector Competence of New Zealand Mosquitoes for Selected Arboviruses

Blood Sources of Mosquitoes Collected from Urban and Peri-Urban Environments in Eastern Australia with Species-Specific Molecular Analysis of Avian Blood Meals

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