Vegetation and Soils in the South Chilean Islands

Late Quaternary climatic history of the Chilean Channels based on fossil pollen and beetle analyses, with an analysis of the modern vegetation and pollen rain

“…Above that elevation forest exists in patches only. The floristic and ecological characteristics of this vegetation have been described by Pisano (1983), Moore (1979), andHoldgate (1961).…”

“…Edaphic factors, however, such as substrate permeability, exert important controls on vegetation type. Moorland vegetation predominates in poorly drained sites, whereas Empetrum heath is the dominant vegetation in better drained locations (Holdgate, 1961;Moore, 1979).…”

Size–density relationships in Drimys winteri secondary forests of the Chiloe Island, Chile: Effects of physiography and species composition

“…1) has glacial or fluvio-glacial materials deposited between terminal moraines that have developed a hardpan of ferrous oxides, over which volcanic materials deposited following the retreat of the glaciers. These are shallow soils (30-80 cm) of poor drainage, high acidity, and a superficial mat of acid humus that shows a moderate degree of downwashing of organic matter into the mineral substratum (Holdgate, 1961;Carmona, 1981;Donoso et al, 1985). These soils (Gleysols) are known as Ñ adis, an indigenous (Mapuche) name for seasonal wetlands, since, in flat areas, they are flooded or have a high water table in winter, and dry in summer (FAO-UNESCO, 1971;Carmona, 1981;Donoso, 1993;Schlatter et al, 1995;Denton et al, 1999;Fig.…”

“…In older stands, this species gradually looses its relative importance, especially in the northern part of the Chiloe Island. Here, generally species of the Myrtaceae family, plus Laureliopsis philippiana, are the primary species (Donoso et al, 1984(Donoso et al, , 1985Armesto and Figueroa, 1987;Donoso, 1993;Armesto et al, 1995;Aravena et al, 2002;Gutierrez et al, 2004), in addition to Eucryphia cordifolia on well-drained sites (Holdgate, 1961;Donoso et al, 1984Donoso et al, , 1985.…”

The Importance of Plant-Bird Mutualisms in the Temperate Rainforest of Southern South America

“…Average annual rainfall exceeds 2000mm; and average monthly maximum (February) and minimum (August) temperatures at sea level are 20.7°C and 3°C respectively. More details on the vegetation, climate, and soils of the study area are given by Holdgate (1961), Villagran (1985), and Armesto and Rozzi (1989).…”