Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement—Part II: Effect of precipitation, wintertime road sanding, and street sweepers on inferred PM10 emission potentials from paved and unpaved roads

Kuhns, Hampden D.; Etyemezian, Vic; Green, M; Hendrickson, K.; McGown, M.; Barton, Kevin; Pitchford, Marc

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00529-6

Cited by 81 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…Theoretically, precipitation could enhance the wet scavenging of airborne pollutants and reduce their ability to suspend, as the increased moisture might capture the particles (Kuhns et al, 2003;Karanasiou et al, 2011). Water spray (from sprinkler on road or atop a tall building) to simulate natural types of precipitation has been proposed as an important abatement strategy to facilitate the reduction of ambient PM concentrations (including trace elements) in urban China (Liu et al, 2014;Yu, 2014).…”

Section: Precipitation Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gov/urban-air-toxics/urban-air-toxic-pollutants; last access: 1 August 2018). Depending on the aerosol composition, extent and time of exposure, previous studies have confirmed that most elemental components of fine particles (PM 2.5 ; particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 µm) exert a multitude of significant diseases from pulmonary inflammation, to increased heart rate variability, to decreased immune response (Fergusson, 1990;Morman and Plumlee, 2013;Leung et al, 2008;Hu et al, 2012;Pardo et al, 2015;Kim et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First long-term and near real-time measurement of trace elements in China's urban atmosphere: temporal variability, source apportionment and precipitation effect

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Atmospheric trace elements, especially metal species, are an emerging environmental and health concern with insufficient understanding of their levels and sources in Shanghai, the most important industrial megacity in China.Here we continuously performed a 1 year (from March 2016 to February 2017) and hourly resolved measurement of 18 elements in fine particles (PM 2.5 ) at the Shanghai urban center with an Xact multi-metals monitor and several collocated instruments. Mass concentrations (mean ± 1σ ; ng m −3 ) determined by Xact ranged from detection limits (nominally 0.1 to 20 ng m −3 ) to 15 µg m −3 . Element-related oxidized species comprised an appreciable fraction of PM 2.5 during all seasons, accounting for 8.3 % on average. As a comparison, the atmospheric elements concentration level in Shanghai was comparable with that in other industrialized cities in East Asia but 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than at sites in North America and Europe. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to identify and apportion the sources of the elements in the PM 2.5 mass. Five different factors were resolved (notable elements and relative contribution in parentheses): traffic-related (Ca, Fe, Ba, Si; 46 %), shipping (V, Ni; 6 %), nonferrous metal smelting (Ag, Cd, Au; 15 %), coal combustion (As, Se, Hg, Pb; 18 %) and ferrous metal smelting (Cr, Mn, Zn; 15 %). The contribution from the exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions, i.e., the traffic-related factor shows a strong bimodal diurnal profile with average concentration over 2 times higher during the rush hour than during nighttime. The shipping factor was firmly identified because V and Ni, two recognized tracers of shipping emissions, are almost exclusively transported from the East China Sea and their ratio (around 3.2) falls within the variation range of V / Ni ratios in particles emitted from heavy oil combustion. Interestingly, nearly half of the K was derived from coal combustion with high mineral affinity (elements associated with aluminosilicates, carbonates and other minerals in coal ash). The contributions of nonferrous metal smelting to the trace elements are consistent with a newly developed emission inventory. Although the precipitation scavenging effect on the mass concentration of the trace elements varied among different species and sources, precipiPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 11794Y. Chang et al.: First long-term and near real-time measurement of trace elements tation could effectively lower the concentration of the trafficand coal combustion-related trace elements. Therefore, water spray to simulate natural types of precipitation could be one of the abatement strategies to facilitate the reduction of ambient PM 2.5 trace elements in the urban atmosphere. Collectively, our findings in this study provide baseline levels and sources of trace elements with high detail, which are needed for developing effective control strategies to reduce the high risk of acute exposure to atmospheri...

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Section: Precipitation Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First long-term and near real-time measurement of trace elements in China's urban atmosphere: temporal variability, source apportionment and precipitation effect

et al. 2018

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“…Street cleaning can be performed by sweeper vehicles and/or water jet cleaning. In their recent review of efficiency tests, Amato et al (2010), concluded that the street sweeping alone did not show any benefit in the short term (Kuhns et al, 2003;Gertler et al, 2006;Kantamaneni et al, 1996;Norman and Johansson, 2006), while more encouraging results have been achieved so far with the combined use of sweepers and water jet cleaning. Nevertheless, the whole effectiveness of these procedures is still far from being definitively determined since only few tests have been carried out so far and with very different local conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive assessment of PM emissions from paved roads: Real-world Emission Factors and intense street cleaning trials

Amato

Nava

Lucarelli

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

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Compliance with air quality standards requires control of source emissions: fine exhaust particles are already subject to regulation but vehicle fleets increase whilst the non-exhaust emissions are totally uncontrolled. Emission inventories are scarce despite their suitability for researchers and regulating agencies for managing air quality and PM reduction measures. Only few countries in Europe proposed street cleaning as a possible control measure, but its effectiveness is still far to be determined. This study offers first estimates of Real-world Emission Factors for PM 10 and brake-wear elements and the effect on PM 10 concentrations induced by intense street cleaning trials. A straightforward campaign was carried out in the city of Barcelona with hourly elemental composition of fine and coarse PM to detect any short-term effect of street cleaning on specific tracers of non-exhaust emissions. Samples were analyzed by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission. Real-world Emission Factor for PM 10 averaged for the local fleet resulted to be 97 mg veh. When compared to other European studies, our EF resulted higher than what found in UK, Germany, Switzerland and Austria but lower than Scandinavian countries. For brake-related elements, total EFs were estimated, accounting for the sum of direct and resuspension emissions, in 7400, 486, 106 and 86 μg veh, respectively for Fe, Cu, Sn and Sb. In PM 2.5 Fe and Cu emission factors were respectively 4884 and 306 μg veh − 1 km − 1 .Intense street cleaning trials evidenced a PM 10 reduction at kerbside of 3 μg m − 3 (mean daily levels of 54 μg m − 3 ), with respect to reference stations. It is important to remark that such benefit could only be detected in small time-integration periods (12:00-18:00) since in daily values this benefit was not noticed. Hourly PM elemental monitoring allowed the identification of mineral and brake-related metallic particles as those responsible of the PM 10 reduction.

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“…30 In contrast, a detectable reduction in re-entrained road dust immediately after street sweeping has not been observed in previous studies. 2,31 The authors of this study hypothesize that the sweepers remove most collectable mass from the road but leave fine particles that may still be entrained from interaction with vehicle tires. Over longer periods of time (10 vehicle passes or more), the reservoir of fine particles may be depleted from the road.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Control Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fugitive Dust Emissions from Paved Road Travel in the Lake Tahoe Basin

Zhu

Kuhns

Brown

et al. 2009

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The clarity of water in Lake Tahoe has declined substantially over the past 40 yr. Causes of the degradation include nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization of the lake waters and increasing amounts of inorganic fine sediment that can scatter light. Atmospheric deposition is a major source of fine sediment. A year-round monitoring study of road dust emissions around the lake was completed in 2007 using the Testing Re-entrained Aerosol Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) system developed at the Desert Research Institute (DRI). Results of this study found that, compared with the summer season, road dust emissions increased by a factor of 5 in winter, on average, and about a factor of 10 when traction control material was applied to the roads after snow events. For winter and summer, road dust emission factors (grams coarse particulate matter [PM 10 ] per vehicle kilometer traveled [g/vkt]) showed a decreasing trend with the travel speed of the road. The highest emission factors were observed on very low traffic volume roads on the west side of the lake.These roads were composed of either a 3/8-in. gravel material or had degraded asphalt. The principle factors influencing road dust emissions in the basin are season, vehicle speed (or road type), road condition, road grade, and proximity to other high-emitting roads. Combined with a traffic volume model, an analysis of the total emissions from the road sections surveyed indicated that urban areas (in particular South Lake Tahoe) had the highest emitting roads in the basin. INTRODUCTIONFugitive dust emissions originating from motor vehicle travel on paved and unpaved roads constitute a significant fraction of the PM 10 (particulate matter [PM]with aerodynamic diameter Ͻ10 m) in many areas of the western United States. 1 These non-tailpipe emissions are largely composed of resuspended loose material from the road surface. Elevated ambient PM 10 levels can result, especially in winter when sand and salt are applied to roads for traction control. 2 Studded snow tires also increased road dust emissions by abrading asphalt pavement. 3 Controlled measurements of road dust emissions are difficult to conduct because factors such as pavement condition, pavement composition, vehicle weight, vehicle speed, tire types, road moisture level, and surface loading and type of suspendible material can all affect the magnitude of PM 10 emissions. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) emission factor compilation database, AP-42, summarizes paved road dust emission factors and methods developed in the early 1990s and has been critically evaluated in the literature. 4 -7 AP-42 recommends collecting site-specific silt loading measurements from local roadways as a surrogate for estimating PM 10 road dust emission potential. Silt loading is the mass of silt-size material less than 75 m in physical diameter per unit area of the travel surface.

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Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement—Part II: Effect of precipitation, wintertime road sanding, and street sweepers on inferred PM10 emission potentials from paved and unpaved roads

Cited by 81 publications

References 2 publications

First long-term and near real-time measurement of trace elements in China's urban atmosphere: temporal variability, source apportionment and precipitation effect

First long-term and near real-time measurement of trace elements in China's urban atmosphere: temporal variability, source apportionment and precipitation effect

A comprehensive assessment of PM emissions from paved roads: Real-world Emission Factors and intense street cleaning trials

Fugitive Dust Emissions from Paved Road Travel in the Lake Tahoe Basin

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