Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Abstract

BackgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of nosocomial pneumonia that occurs in patients who receive mechanical ventilation (MV). According to the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC), the overall rate of VAP is 13.6 per 1,000 ventilator days. The incidence varies according to the patient group and hospital setting. The incidence of VAP ranges from 13-51 per 1,000 ventilation days. Early diagnosis of VAP with appropriate antibiotic therapy can reduce the emergence of resistant organisms. MethodThe aim of this review was to provide an overview of the incidence, risk factors, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of VAP. A literature search for VAP was done through the PUBMED/MEDLINE database. This review outlines VAP's risk factors, diagnostic methods, associated organisms, and treatment modalities. ConclusionVAP is a common nosocomial infection associated with ventilated patients. The mortality associated with VAP is high. The organisms associated with VAP and their resistance pattern varies depending on the patient group and hospital setting. The diagnostic methods available for VAP are not universal; however, a proper infection control policy with appropriate antibiotic usage can reduce the mortality rate among ventilated patients. Key WordsVentilator-associated pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, clinical pulmonary infection score What this review adds: What is known about this topic?VAP is a type of nosocomial pneumonia, which increases mortality rates among critically ill patients. What new information is offered in this review?This review gives an overview of the incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, aetiology, treatment, and prevention of VAP. What are the implications for research, policy, or practice?Greater awareness of VAP's risk factors, incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment can facilitate the creation of appropriate infection control measures to curb VAP among critically ill patients. BackgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of nosocomial pneumonia that occurs in patients who receive mechanical ventilation.1 VAP is usually acquired in the hospital setting approximately 48-72 hours after mechanical ventilation. The main aim of mechanical ventilation is to aid in gas exchange without causing trauma to the lungs. Unfortunately, MV can harm the lungs by the stress and strain developed in the lung. High pressure and volume can cause barotrauma and volutrauma to the lungs, which is followed by biotrauma and atelectrauma. According to the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC), the overall rate of VAP is 13.6 per 1,000 ventilator days. 2 The incidence varies according to the patient group and hospital setting. The incidence of VAP ranges from 13-51 per 1,000 ventilation days. 3 The mean duration of

Effectiveness of electronic learning module in implementing ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention measures among intensive care unit nurses

“…All ICU nurses were female like the study of Micik et al [38] who stated that 90.9% of the participant were female. The present study elaborated that, more than half of the ICU nurse's were in the age group from (25)(26)(27)(28)(29) year old this result was in congruent with Kapucu et al [39] who emphasized that nearly half of the participant for preventing VAP were 25-29 years old. Regarding level of education present study showed that, majority of ICU nurses were BSN while only few were MSN.…”

“…On the other hand, the VAP is considered one of the most serious infection in the ICU, with the management of risk heavily depended on sincere efforts of the ICU nursing staff [9]. Hence, disseminating the necessary knowledge and explaining the proper protocol of applying the preventive measures of VAP are of utmost importance in order to achieve an appropriate level of adherence and computability among ICU-nursing staff [27]. It is important to apply an effective and productive methodology to realize the goal of teaching together with sustained learning [24].…”