Verification of a System for Sustainable Research on Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction in 1-g Environments

Abstract

Within the presented research, model tests were performed in 1-g conditions to investigate the liquefaction potential of Skopje sand as a representative soil from the Vardar River’s terraces in N. Macedonia. A series of shaking table tests were performed on a fully saturated, homogeneous model of Skopje sand in the newly designed and constructed laminar container in the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Skopje, N. Macedonia. The liquefaction depth in each shaking test was estimated based on the measured acceleration and pore water pressure as well as the frame movements of the laminar container. The surface settlement measurements indicated that the relative density increased by ~12% after each test. The observations from the tests confirmed that liquefaction was initiated along the depth at approximately the same time. The number of cycles required for liquefaction increased as the relative density increased. As the pore water pressure rose and reached the value of the effective stresses, the acceleration decreased, thus the period of the soil started to elongate. The results showed that the investigated Skopje sand was highly sensitive to void parameters and, under specific stress conditions, the liquefaction that occurred could be associated with large deformations. The presented experimental setup and soil material represent a well-proven example of a facility for continuous and sustainable research in earthquake geotechnical engineering.

Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis to Determine Liquefaction Potential Due to Earthquake

“…Fiitri & Pramana [17] did the liquefaction assessment based on grain size and CPT analysis. Bojadjieva et al [18] made the study to Verification of a System for Sustainable Research on Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction in 1-g environments. Ahmad et al [19] did an assessment of soil liquefaction potential in Kamra, Pakistan.…”

“…f. Vertical shear stress ratio and vertical stress the dry soil and also known as cyclic stress ratio gave by Seed and Idriss in form of: 𝑟 𝑑 (18) rd value can be calculated based on Equation 13or can be determined with the curve Figure 14. 13The liquefaction potential can be determine based on the Figure 15 curve.…”