“…V&V are key processes since 80% of product's total manufacturing cost is locked in at the conceptual design phase (Kim et al, 2015) and both V&V are related with the appraisal costs (Aleem et al, 2003). Multiple economic benefits from effective V&V can be realized from reduction of the appraisal costs (VDI, 2002), decrease of the product design costs (Hazra et al, 2012), improved product performance and reliability , identification of design flaws at an early stage (Zhou et al, 2015), decrease of the rework of a product and promotion of the most suitable Quality Management strategy (Aleem et al, 2003).…”