Versatile Fluorescent Probes for Imaging the Superoxide Anion in Living Cells and In Vivo

Abstract

The superoxide anion (O2.−) is widely engaged in the regulation of cell functions and is thereby intimately associated with the onset and progression of many diseases. To ascertain the pathological roles of O2.− in related diseases, developing effective methods for monitoring O2.− in biological systems is essential. Fluorescence imaging is a powerful tool for monitoring bioactive molecules in cells and in vivo owing to its high sensitivity and high temporal‐spatial resolution. Therefore, increasing numbers of fluorescent imaging probes have been constructed to monitor O2.− inside live cells and small animals. In this minireview, we summarize the methods for design and application of O2.−‐responsive fluorescent probes. Moreover, we present the challenges for detecting O2.− and suggestions for constructing new fluorescent probes that can indicate the production sites and concentration changes in O2.− as well as O2.−‐associated active molecules in living cells and in vivo.

High-Selectivity Fluorescent Reporter toward Peroxynitrite in a Coexisting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Drug-Induced Liver Diseases Model

“…The resulting precipitate was filtered off, and the mixture was purified by chromatography using a CH 2 Cl 2 / EtOH = 35:1 gradient to get probe RTFP (128.7 mg, 65%). 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 28.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J = 33.9 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 2H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 3.47 (m, 8H), 3.02 (s, 2H), 2.56 (s, 2H), 2.05 (s, 2H), 1.82 (s, 2H), 1.25 (s, 6H). 13 Synthesis of Compound 1.…”

“…The resulting precipitate was filtered off, and the mixture was purified by chromatography using a CH 2 Cl 2 /EtOH gradient to offer compound 1 solid (104.4 mg, 70%). 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 ) δ 7.80 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 2H), 7.17−7.07 (m, 2H), 6.42 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (s, 1H), 3.21 (q, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H), 1.02 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H). 13 Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging.…”

“…With the development of science and technology, small-molecule fluorescent probes have been extensively used in the monitoring and imaging of various biological species due to their efficiency and reliability. − Importantly, an ideal probe should possess high sensitivity and a specific capability to recognize analytes of interest to afford a real and precise signal output. − Peroxynitrite (ONOO – ), a stronger oxidant and nucleophile than hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), is formed by a superoxide anion and nitric oxide combination with a short half-life (∼10 ms), which can reacted with various biological species resulting in cellular function damage and finally causing cell death. The change of the ONOO – concentration is in a close relationship with clinical disease, such as organ injuries, cancers, and neurological diseases. − Thus, it is important to develop an ideal fluorescent probe to track ONOO – changes in a complicated biological system.…”

Simultaneous Two-Color Visualization of Lipid Droplets and Endoplasmic Reticulum and Their Interplay by Single Fluorescent Probes in Lambda Mode

“…Fluorescent probes have become powerful tools for versatile biomedical imaging in live cells, due to their unique advantages of excellent spatial resolution, remarkable sensitivity, high selectivity, noninvasiveness, and in situ property. − Recently, some impressive works have been achieved for LD − or ER − imaging by multiple fluorescent probes. However, to the best of our knowledge, only a few probes have been developed for simultaneous LD and ER imaging with one emission color, , inevitably leading to many difficulties in the simultaneous and discriminative visualization and analysis of LDs and the ER and their interaction.…”

Fluorescent probe for the imaging of superoxide and peroxynitrite during drug-induced liver injury

“…7 Our groups' research interests lie in developing new fluorescent probes for the detection and imaging of ROS and RNS, with a recent focus on dual-response probes. [30][31][32][33][34] Carrying on this work, fluorescent probe LW−OTf was designed and synthesized with the intention imaging of DILI. O 2 •− , a primary ROS, and ONOO − , a prominent RNS, were chosen as pertinent DILI-related biomarkers for this study.…”