Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers for data communication and sensing

Abstract

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are the ideal optical sources for data communication and sensing. In data communication, large data rates combined with excellent energy efficiency and temperature stability have been achieved based on advanced device design and modulation formats. VCSELs are also promising sources for photonic integrated circuits due to their small footprint and low power consumption. Also, VCSELs are commonly used for a wide variety of applications in the consumer electronics market. These applications range from laser mice to three-dimensional (3D) sensing and imaging, including various 3D movement detections, such as gesture recognition or face recognition. Novel VCSEL types will include metastructures, exhibiting additional unique properties, of largest importance for next-generation data communication, sensing, and photonic integrated circuits.

Advances in inorganic and hybrid perovskites for miniaturized lasers

“…Specifically, such advantages as low cost, large optical gain, high PLQY, long carrier lifetime, low trap state density, large exciton binding energy, tunable wavelength covering ultraviolet to the near-infrared regime and so on, all support the use of metal halide perovskites as a new class of strong emitters for a wide array of applications, such as laser display, optical interconnection, 3D sensing and imaging, etc. [16,28,102,115,116]. The excellent properties and flexible structures of perovskites also ensure their strong compatibility for integration.…”

Design and Fabrication of the Reliable GaN Based Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser via Tunnel Junction

“…These advantages enable these materials to have many potential applications. On the other hand, compared to edge-emitting lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs), vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have the superiority of low power consumption, circular beam shape, high modulation response, and low divergence angles [5][6][7][8]. Armed with these attributes, GaN-based VCSELs are destined to replace conventional LEDs and lasers as light sources in many applications, including optical storage, laser printers, projectors, displays, solid-state lighting, and visible light communications.…”

Design, Modeling, and Fabrication of High-Speed VCSEL with Data Rate up to 50 Gb/s

“…However, parasitic resistance is not better as low as possible; it needs to match 50 Ohm impedance. Regarding the high-speed VCSEL device development for data communication, there are several papers that record the progress [19,20]. Today, the state-of-the-art 50-Gb/s 850-nm VCSEL devices have been demonstrated successfully at Chalmers University of Technology (CUT) by Westbergh et al and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) by Feng et al [21][22][23].…”