Vertical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to conventional horizontal hydroponics

Touliatos, Dionysios; Dodd, Ian C.; McAinsh, Martin Robert

doi:10.1002/fes3.83

Cited by 199 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In particular, building-based urban agriculture is increasingly needed in dense urban environments and a review of current cultivation techniques and projects would likely to contribute positively to academic discussions [6][7][8][9][10]. This is particularly important since vertical farming engages multiple disciplines of natural sciences, architecture, and engineering and affects both people and the environment [9][10][11].…”

Section: Goals and Scope Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In principle, it is a simple concept; farm up rather than out [8][9][10]. The body of literature on the subject distinguishes between three types of vertical farming [9][10][11].…”

Section: What Is a Vertical Farm?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many cities have implemented this model in new and old buildings, including warehouses that owners repurposed for agricultural activities [8]. The second type of vertical farming takes place on the rooftops of old and new buildings, atop commercial and residential structures as well as on restaurants and grocery stores [9,10]. The third type of vertical farm is that of the visionary, multi-story building.…”

Section: What Is a Vertical Farm?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, it predicts that by 2050 we will need 70% more food to meet the demands of 3 billion more inhabitants worldwide [12]. Food prices have already skyrocketed in the past decades, and farmers predict that prices will increase further as oil costs increase and water, energy, and agricultural resources diminish [7][8][9][10]. The sprawling fringes of suburban development continue to eat up more and more farmland.…”

Section: Food Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, urban agriculture has been facing problems due to land scarcity and high costs. We desperately need transformative solutions to combat this immense global challenge [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Food Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Vertical Farm: A Review of Developments and Implications for the Vertical City

2018

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This paper discusses the emerging need for vertical farms by examining issues related to food security, urban population growth, farmland shortages, "food miles", and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Urban planners and agricultural leaders have argued that cities will need to produce food internally to respond to demand by increasing population and to avoid paralyzing congestion, harmful pollution, and unaffordable food prices. The paper examines urban agriculture as a solution to these problems by merging food production and consumption in one place, with the vertical farm being suitable for urban areas where available land is limited and expensive. Luckily, recent advances in greenhouse technologies such as hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics have provided a promising future to the vertical farm concept. These high-tech systems represent a paradigm shift in farming and food production and offer suitable and efficient methods for city farming by minimizing maintenance and maximizing yield. Upon reviewing these technologies and examining project prototypes, we find that these efforts may plant the seeds for the realization of the vertical farm. The paper, however, closes by speculating about the consequences, advantages, and disadvantages of the vertical farm's implementation. Economic feasibility, codes, regulations, and a lack of expertise remain major obstacles in the path to implementing the vertical farm.

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Section: Goals and Scope Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In principle, it is a simple concept; farm up rather than out [8][9][10]. The body of literature on the subject distinguishes between three types of vertical farming [9][10][11].…”

Section: What Is a Vertical Farm?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Is a Vertical Farm?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Food Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Food Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Vertical Farm: A Review of Developments and Implications for the Vertical City

2018

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Vertical Farming

Touliatos¹,

Beynon‐Davies²,

McAinsh³

2020

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Vertical farming (VF) is a broad term that encompasses a suite of technologies for increasing productivity per unit area of crop available land. It does this by extending plant cultivation into the vertical dimension and in locations where crop production may have been difficult or impossible previously. Over recent years, the interest in VF approaches has increased considerably in both the scientific and commercial community. The term has been used interchangeably to describe both large‐scale concepts such as food‐producing skyscrapers and smaller scale Vertical Farming Systems (VFS). Many of these systems utilise and integrate knowledge on plant abiotic responses such as those to light, nutrients, temperature and CO 2 . Elucidating the fundamental and applied plant science challenges linked to growing crops within VFS will be key for the success of the VF sector. Key Concepts Vertical farming encompasses numerous system typologies, differentiated by technology level, degree of enclosure and control over environmental variables. A variety of soilless methods, such as hydroponic, semihydroponic and aeroponic systems, are used in vertical farming. Light spectra have a profound influence over crop growth and morphology and can therefore be used as a tool to steer crop response for nutrition, specific compound production, morphology or biomass accumulation. Other environmental conditions, such as CO 2 concentration, air temperature, air velocity and nutrition, influence crop growth and morphology in vertical farming systems. Crops suitable for vertical farming systems vary by system type and are dictated by cost of production relative to retail price and market demand.

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Efficient, Ambient‐Stable, All‐Polymer Organic Photodetector for Machine Learning‐Promoted Intelligent Monitoring of Indoor Plant Growth

Jiang

Lin

Shiu

et al. 2023

Advanced Optical Materials

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The blend ratio and thickness of the PM6:PY‐IT active layer are optimized to realize highly efficient all‐polymer organic photodetectors (OPDs). Ultralow dark current densities of less than 5.92 × 10−10 A cm−2 (at −1 V) appear when the PM6:PY‐IT active layers have thicknesses in the range of 250–400 nm and blend ratios between 1:1 and 1:1.4, suggesting a wide fabrication window. Fast rise/fall times of 560/250 ns are measured with a cut‐off frequency of 530 kHz for the OPD incorporating a 250‐nm‐thick 1:1 blend. This OPD provides superior performance, with a high detectivity of 2.98 × 1013 Jones and a wide linear dynamic range of 138 dB (at 530 nm (−1 V)). In addition, the ultralow dark current of the OPD retains excellent long‐term stability over 500 h of aging testing (thermal stress, ambient conditions, and continuous illumination). With the integration of specific light filters, a system is realized for the efficient detection of indoor plant‐growth lighting, allowing the rapid and accurate detection (>97%) of photosynthetic photon flux at various wavelengths of light that directly determine the photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis of indoor plants, supervised by machine learning. The artificial intelligence‐trained OPD effectively improves detection accuracy.

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Vertical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to conventional horizontal hydroponics

Cited by 199 publications

References 33 publications

The Vertical Farm: A Review of Developments and Implications for the Vertical City

The Vertical Farm: A Review of Developments and Implications for the Vertical City

Vertical Farming

Efficient, Ambient‐Stable, All‐Polymer Organic Photodetector for Machine Learning‐Promoted Intelligent Monitoring of Indoor Plant Growth

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