Very fast charging of low-resistance lead/acid batteries

Valeriote, E. M. L.; Jochim, D.M.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(92)80041-9

Journal of Power Sources

1992

DOI: 10.1016/0378-7753(92)80041-9

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Very fast charging of low-resistance lead/acid batteries

E. M. L. Valeriote¹,

D.M. Jochim²

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Cited by 21 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…It is known that the batteries with PbCaSn, PbCa, or Pb grid have the PCL effect and, when they are charged at high rates, have a longer cycle life than those cycled at low charging currents. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The cycle life of the positive plate is a linear function of the initial charging current applied after discharge. 9 If the charge of the plate is performed with a high current, a maximum or a peak appears at the beginning of the potential-time transient.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phenomena That Limit the Capacity of the Positive Lead Acid Battery Plates

Pavlov

Petkova

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The capacity of the positive plate of the lead-acid battery is determined by the number of the active centers in positive active material (PAM) where the reaction PbO2→PbSO4 proceeds and by the resistance of the interface corrosion layer false(CLfalse)+AMCL (thin PAM layer interconnecting the PAM and the CL). It was established that the number of the active centers is high if the positive plate discharge is performed with low current and if the charge (at the initial period) is performed with high current. During discharge the active centers from the outer layer of the plate are exhausted and the reaction of the PbO2 reduction approaches the inner part of the plate near the interface and the interface itself. If the pH of the pore solution is low the reduction of the PbO2 proceeds to PbSO4. At the subsequent charge with sufficiently high current a maximum appears on the potential transient. When the H2SO4 flux to the interface is impeded, the pH of the solution in the pores in the interface is high and the reduction of the PbO2 proceeds to PbOn false(1

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confidence: 99%

Phenomena That Limit the Capacity of the Positive Lead Acid Battery Plates

Pavlov

Petkova

2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…More recently, much work has been carried out on pulse charging of lead-acid batteries. [2][3][4][5][6][7] The recharge time for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries has been reduced and is now less than 5, 15, and 240 min for 50, 80, and 100% charge. However, many other problems arise from pulse charging such as reduced cycle life of the battery, corrosion of the positive-electrode grid, loss of electrolyte, and thermal management.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rate‐Determining Step Investigations of Oxidation Processes at the Positive Plate during Pulse Charge of Valve‐Regulated Lead‐Acid Batteries

Guo

Groiss

Döring

et al. 1999

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In order to develop electric vehicles (EVs), electrochemical scientists and engineers have paid great attention to the study of batteries in recent years. Now, while new types of batteries are still in development, the valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) battery is a near-term candidate for EV applications in mass markets. 1 A key usage issue is the possibility of fast recharge. More recently, much work has been carried out on pulse charging of lead-acid batteries. 2-7 The recharge time for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries has been reduced and is now less than 5, 15, and 240 min for 50, 80, and 100% charge. However, many other problems arise from pulse charging such as reduced cycle life of the battery, corrosion of the positive-electrode grid, loss of electrolyte, and thermal management. To enhance the pulse charging of a VRLA battery, it is important to understand the detailed processes during the charge. Therefore, attention has to be paid to the kinetics of important processes during pulse charging. Although many papers have reported on the mechanism of the oxidation processes at the PbSO 4 /PbO 2 electrode and the positive plate, 8-29 this remains a subject of research. It is necessary to study further the electrode kinetics of the positive plate in VRLA batteries under pulse charging conditions. Experimental The tested battery was a 2 V 4.2 Ah VRLA battery with gel electrolyte, produced by Sonnenschein Lead-Acid Battery Company. The pulse charge system, controlled by a computer, is a self-made system. The maximum output current and voltage are 100 A and 10 V, respectively. The rise time of the analog circuit is less than 1 s/A. The control period of the digital circuit is 2 ms. The internal pressures of the gas in the battery were measured by a pressure sensor. The relative pressures of oxygen and hydrogen were measured with a micropipette of 0.5 mm internal diam and 8 cm length, which linked the battery to a quadripole mass spectrometer (Balzers QMS 402). All potentials were measured vs. a Hg/Hg 2 SO 4 /H 2 SO 4 (sp gr 1.28) reference electrode, which was linked to the battery by a proton-conducting polymer bridge. The infrared (IR)-corrected potentials were measured by imposing an instantaneous open circuit. Different interactive pulse charging and discharge/constant-voltage procedures were used, and the current profiles are shown in Fig. 1. Their average current was 15.5 A. The maximum limit voltage with IR compensation was 2.45 V at 25ЊC and it is also compensated by a temperature coefficient with Ϫ4.5 mV/ЊC, to avoid thermal runaway of the VRLA battery. To simulate the situation of a large battery, the test battery was thermally isolated. Literature StudyDuring recent decades, both oxygen evolution and the oxidation of PbSO 4 to PbO 2 have been studied extensively on solid Pb electrodes and on the positive plates of lead-acid batteries. Different models for the kinetics of both reactions have been put forward.A model with hydration structure carried out much work on the kinetic processes of the PbSO 4...

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Pulsed-current charging of lead/acid batteries — a possible means for overcoming premature capacity loss?

Lam

Özgün

Lim

et al. 1995

Journal of Power Sources

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Very fast charging of low-resistance lead/acid batteries

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Phenomena That Limit the Capacity of the Positive Lead Acid Battery Plates

Phenomena That Limit the Capacity of the Positive Lead Acid Battery Plates

Rate‐Determining Step Investigations of Oxidation Processes at the Positive Plate during Pulse Charge of Valve‐Regulated Lead‐Acid Batteries

Pulsed-current charging of lead/acid batteries — a possible means for overcoming premature capacity loss?

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