Vesicorenal Reflux and Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma after Transurethral Resection of Recurrent Superficial Bladder Carcinoma

Clonality of multifocal urothelial carcinomas: 10 years of molecular genetic studies

“…In some cases, ureterovesical reflux could also explain the development of an upper urinary tract tumor following a primary bladder cancer. 59 Implantation of shed tumor cells is probably supported by (micro-)lesions of the urothelium, such as iatrogenic lesions induced during endoscopic diagnosis and treatment. Interestingly, intravesical chemotherapy as well as instillation of meglumine ␥-linolenic acid and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator may decrease the risk of developing new tumors after endoscopic resection.…”

Concurrent Urothelial Carcinoma in the Renal Pelvis of an Allograft Kidney and Native Recipient Bladder: Evidence of Donor Origin

“…Patients with primary bladder carcinomas also have only a 0.5 -2% risk of subsequent upper urinary tract tumors. However, the risk of subsequent upper urinary tract tumor is reported to rise to 6 -20% if the patient has vesicoureteral reflex (15,16). These observations suggest the importance of urinary flow in heterotopic recurrence, thus underscoring the role of implantation or seeding of a transformed cell in the process of multifocality.…”

Technique and complications of transurethral surgery for bladder tumours

“…Freed [24] reported VUR in 19% of 78 patients undergoing TURBT. Rees [25] Mateos et al [26] routinely used cystography after TURBT in 288 patients; of 98 in whom the tumour was near the ureteric orifice, VUR was detected in 77%. Notably 20% of the patients with VUR subsequently developed upper tract tumours, compared with only 0.9% of patients with no reflux.…”