Vesicoureteral Reflux

Risk factors of renal scars in children with acute pyelonephritis

“…21 Nevertheless, renal lesions have been found in lower grades or even in the absence of VUR. 21 Our results support the latter findings and that is why although some follow-up studies considered VUR as a poor predictor of renal damage, 22 in this study, all of our patients had APN. Therefore, high association of VUR and renal scar might be partly due to the fact that children with APN and established VUR are more vulnerable to renal damage [odds ratio: 9.064; 95% CI: 2.99 to 27.45].…”

Comparison of Colour Doppler Flow Imaging with Voiding Cystourethrography in the Detection of Vesicoureteric Reflux in Children

“…1 The prevalence of VUR in normal children has been estimated at 0.4-1.8%. 2 However, up to 50% of infants and children with urinary tract infection (UTI) are known to have VUR.…”

Whole-Genome Linkage and Association Scan in Primary, Nonsyndromic Vesicoureteric Reflux

“…VUR is usually a benign condition but can be associated with transient kidney damage, acute inflammation from ascending pyelonephritis, or permanent damage as a consequence of scarring after infection and/or congenital kidney defects histologically comprising renal hypoplasia (too few nephrons) and/or renal dysplasia (incomplete differentiation). [1][2][3] These renal defects are grouped under the term reflux nephropathy (RN). In the United Kingdom, RN accounts for 12% of the approximately 40,000 adults and 7% of the 768 children who require renal transplantation and/or life-long dialysis.…”

“…4 Traditionally, the diagnosis of VUR has been based on cystography with radiodense or radioisotopic materials to visualize retrograde passage of urine. Williams et al 3 reviewed 15 cystography studies in well children: The largest study reported no VUR in 722 children, whereas some of the smaller studies reported much higher percentages of affected individuals. The true prevalence of (primary) VUR in children remains uncertain: 1% is probably conservative, and 10 to 20% is possible.…”

“…The true prevalence of (primary) VUR in children remains uncertain: 1% is probably conservative, and 10 to 20% is possible. 3 Screening studies of first-degree relatives of individuals with VUR identifies reflux in one third to one half of siblings 5,6 and 65% of offspring. 7 Futhermore, there is a high concordance of primary VUR in identical twins, 8 and families have been identified with multiple generations affected by primary VUR and RN.…”