Vibration-Based Bolt Tension Estimation for Multi-bolt Joints

Coupling effects with vibration-based estimation of individual bolt tension in multi-bolt structures

“…Also, a study [35] has shown that even with a longitudinal hammer impact transverse natural frequencies are easily excited due to geometrical and loading imperfections. Preliminary experimental investigations with a smaller piezoelectric actuator (NA2013 5×5×2 mm) show that mounting the actuator on the head (exciting primarily transversely) will provide a higher acceleration response [36]. However, a smaller piezoelectric actuator also has a lower maximum blocking force.…”