Video Steganography Using Knight Tour Algorithm and LSB Method for Encrypted Data

Younus, Zeyad Safaa; Younus, Ghada Thanoon

doi:10.1515/jisys-2018-0225

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The length and format of the secret message are varied and the secret bits of each block are permuted randomly to improve security. The algorithm proposed in [225] also replaces the LSB and second LSB of pixel intensities of every cover frame by the bits of an encrypted message. The number of frames used in the embedding process is selected randomly among all frames of the cover video in AVI format.…”

Section: Raw Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

LSB Data Hiding in Digital Media: A Survey

Tran¹,

Zepernick²,

Chu³

2022

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligen

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Data hiding or information hiding is a prominent class of information security that aims at reliably conveying secret data embedded in a cover object over a covert channel. Digital media such as audio, image, video, and three-dimensional (3D) media can act as cover objects to carry such secret data. Digital media security has acquired tremendous significance in recent years and will be even more important with the development and delivery of new digital media over digital communication networks. In particular, least significant bit (LSB) data hiding is easy to implement and to combine with other hiding techniques, offers high embedding capacity for data, can resist steganalysis and several types of attacks, and is well suited for real-time applications. This article provides a comprehensive survey on LSB data hiding in digital media. The fundamental concepts and terminologies used in data hiding are reviewed along with a general data hiding model. The five attributes of data hiding, i.e., capacity, imperceptibility, robustness, detectability, and security, and the related performance metrics used in this survey to compare the characteristics of the different LSB data hiding methods are discussed. Given the classification of data hiding methods with respect to audio, image, video, and 3D media, a comprehensive survey of LSB data hiding for each of these four digital media is provided. In particular, landmark studies, state-of-the-art approaches, and applications of LSB data hiding are described for each of the four digital media. Their performance is compared with respect to the data hiding attributes which illustrates benefits and drawbacks of the reviewed LSB data hiding methods. The article concludes with summarizing main findings and suggesting directions for future research. This survey will be helpful for researchers and practitioners to keep abreast about the potential of LSB data hiding in digital media and to develop novel applications based on suitable performance trade-offs between data hiding attributes.

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Section: Raw Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

LSB Data Hiding in Digital Media: A Survey

Tran¹,

Zepernick²,

Chu³

2022

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligen

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“…The method has low security due to simple secret key and sequential encoding. Younus & Younus (2019) showed the secret message was encrypted, and then the knight tour algorithm was utilized for selecting the pixels inside the randomly selected frame was utilized for embedding the secret message inside it with the LSB method. The authors claimed that in terms of quality the proposed method has a superior performance compared to the previous steganography methods, with a high PSNR of 67.3638 dB and the lowest MSE of 0.2578.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

LSB-based pre-embedding video steganography with rotating & shifting poly-pattern block matrix

Hacimurtazaoglu

Tutuncu

2022

PeerJ Computer Science

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Background In terms of data-hiding areas, video steganography is more advantageous compared to other steganography techniques since it uses video as its cover medium. For any video steganography, the good trade-off among robustness, imperceptibility, and payload must be created and maintained. Even though it has the advantage of capacity, video steganography has the robustness problem especially regarding spatial domain is used to implement it. Transformation operations and statistical attacks can harm secret data. Thus, the ideal video steganography technique must provide high imperceptibility, high payload, and resistance towards visual, statistical and transformation-based steganalysis attacks. Methods One of the most common spatial methods for hiding data within the cover medium is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method. In this study, an LSB-based video steganography application that uses a poly-pattern key block matrix (KBM) as the key was proposed. The key is a 64 × 64 pixel block matrix that consists of 16 sub-pattern blocks with a pixel size of 16 × 16. To increase the security of the proposed approach, sub-patterns in the KBM are allowed to shift in four directions and rotate up to 270° depending on the user preference and logical operations. For additional security XOR and AND logical operations were used to determine whether to choose the next predetermined 64 × 64 pixel block or jump to another pixel block in the cover video frame to place a KBM to embed the secret data. The fact that the combination of variable KBM structure and logical operator for the secret data embedding distinguishes the proposed algorithm from previous video steganography studies conducted with LSB-based approaches. Results Mean Squared Error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) parameters were calculated for the detection of the imperceptibility (or the resistance against visual attacks ) of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm obtained the best MSE, SSIM and PSNR parameter values based on the secret message length as 0.00066, 0.99999, 80.01458 dB for 42.8 Kb of secret message and 0.00173, 0.99999, 75.72723 dB for 109 Kb of secret message, respectively. These results are better than the results of classic LSB and the studies conducted with LSB-based video steganography approaches in the literature. Since the proposed system allows an equal amount of data embedding in each video frame the data loss will be less in transformation operations. The lost data can be easily obtained from the entire text with natural language processing. The variable structure of the KBM, logical operators and extra security preventions makes the proposed system be more secure and complex. This increases the unpredictability and resistance against statistical attacks. Thus, the proposed method provides high imperceptibility and resistance towards visual, statistical and transformation-based attacks while acceptable even high payload.

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“…The knight's travel map (Bai et al, 2013;Ghosh & Badhuri, 2017;Younus & Younus, 2019) represents a knight's movements on a chessboard. This game involves the knight visiting only one court or square per turn.…”

Section: Knight's Travel Mapmentioning

confidence: 99%

A DNA Sequencing Medical Image Encryption System (DMIES) Using Chaos Map and Knight's Travel Map

Adithya

Santhi

2022

International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare

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This research aims to devise a method of encrypting medical images based on chaos map, Knight's travel map, affine transformation, and DNA cryptography to prevent attackers from accessing the data. The proposed DMIES cryptographic system performs the chaos intertwining logistic map diffusion and confusion process on chosen pixels of medical images. The DNA structure of the medical image has generated using all eight DNA encoding rules that are dependent on the pixel positions in the medical image. Knight's travel map is decomposed, which helps to prevent tampering and certification after the diffusion process. Finally, to avoid the deformity of medical data, a shear-based affine transformation is used. Compared to existing standard image encryption systems, the extensive and complete security assessment highlights the relevance and benefits of the proposed DMIES cryptosystem. The proposed DMIES can also withstand various attacks like statistical, differential, exhaustive, cropping, and noise attack.

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Video Steganography Using Knight Tour Algorithm and LSB Method for Encrypted Data

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

LSB Data Hiding in Digital Media: A Survey

LSB Data Hiding in Digital Media: A Survey

LSB-based pre-embedding video steganography with rotating & shifting poly-pattern block matrix

A DNA Sequencing Medical Image Encryption System (DMIES) Using Chaos Map and Knight's Travel Map

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