Videonasopharyngoscopy is useful for identifying children with Pierre Robin sequence and severe obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management

“…b) Flexible nasopharyngoscopy has been used in otherwise healthy children with SDB and in young children with Pierre Robin sequence (class IV) [26,62]. c) Cephalometry is a standardised lateral radiographic view of the head incorporating skeletal and soft-tissue structures (systematic review and meta-analysis) [29].…”

Video fluoroscopy for evaluating adenoid hypertrophy in children

“…Adenoidectomy is frequently recommended for treating upper airway obstruction. The consequences of long-term upper airway obstruction include learning difficulties, behavioral changes, and failure to thrive [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Moreover, in severe cases, pulmonary hypertension, and secondary right-side cardiac hypertrophy have been reported [7].…”

“…The consequences of long-term upper airway obstruction include learning difficulties, behavioral changes, and failure to thrive [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Moreover, in severe cases, pulmonary hypertension, and secondary right-side cardiac hypertrophy have been reported [7]. Adenoid obstruction may also lead to an open anterior bite and ''adenoid facies'', these abnormalities are a consequence of the maxillary and mandibular structural changes, secondary to chronic oral breathing [5,7].…”

“…Moreover, in severe cases, pulmonary hypertension, and secondary right-side cardiac hypertrophy have been reported [7]. Adenoid obstruction may also lead to an open anterior bite and ''adenoid facies'', these abnormalities are a consequence of the maxillary and mandibular structural changes, secondary to chronic oral breathing [5,7]. In addition, hypertrophy of adenoids is considered an important risk factor for the development of obstructive sleep apnea in children, particularly between 2 and 6 years of age.…”

Acoustic rhinometric measurements in children undergoing rapid maxillary expansion

“…Finally, we believe that flexible nasopharyngoscopy should be performed routinely in all children with upper respiratory symptoms because it allows obstructive conditions of the nose, nasopharynx, and larynx to be identified and also provides a dynamic assessment of the palate and laryngeal function [21][22][23]. In our study, this examination has demonstrated to be a safe, well tolerated procedure and made it possible to assess nasal permeability in most children, revealing only minor abnormalities in a few, but without any significant influence on the results of the statistical analysis.…”