Vine Water Deficit Impacts Aging Bouquet in Fine Red Bordeaux Wine

Picard, Magali; Leeuwen, Cornelis van; Guyon, F.; Gaillard, Laetitia; Revel, Gilles de; Marchand, Stéphanie

doi:10.3389/fchem.2017.00056

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Vine water status has a major impact on vegetative and reproductive growth, fruit composition and wine quality. Evidence that regular, but limited, water supply to the vines is a major factor explaining the terroir effect was first published in the 1960s (Seguin, 1969) and confirmed many times since (Duteau, 1987;van Leeuwen and Seguin, 1994;Trégoat et al, 2002;van Leeuwen et al, 2004;Storchi et al, 2005;Bodin and Morlat, 2006;Koundouras et al, 2006;de Andrès-de-Prado et al, 2007;van Leeuwen et al, 2009;Tramontini et al, 2013;Picard et al, 2017). Limited water supply leads to shoot growth cessation (Table 2; van Leeuwen and Seguin, 1994;Pellegrino et al, 2005) and restrains berry growth, in particular when water deficits occur pre-veraison (Table 2; Ojeda et al, 2001;van Leeuwen et al, 2004).…”

Section: Soil Water Supplymentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Water deficit increases skin phenolics, in particular anthocyanins (Table 2; Duteau et al, 1981;Ojeda et al, 2002;Trégoat et al, 2002;Ollé et al, 2011), which is a major asset in the production of highquality red wines. Limited water supply to the vines increases glycoconjugates of major aromas in red grapes (Koundouras et al, 2006) and improves the aging bouquet of fine red wines (Picard et al, 2017) and their global quality (Table 2; Koundouras et al, 2006). Severe water deficit stress, however, can impair red wine quality.…”

Section: Soil Water Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil-related terroir factors: a review

Leeuwen¹,

2018

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A “terroir” is a cultivated ecosystem in which the vine interacts with the soil and the climate. The soil influences vine development and grape ripening through soil temperature, water supply and mineral supply. Soil temperature has a significant effect on vine phenology. Limited water supply to the vines restricts shoot and berry growth, which is critical for reaching a suitable grape composition to produce high-quality red wines. Secondary metabolites, like polyphenols (anthocyanins, tannins) and aroma compounds or their precursors, are impacted in particular by vine water status. Among nutrients vines pick up from the soil, nitrogen plays a key role. Nitrogen influences vine vigor, yield, berry size and grape composition. Low nitrogen supply stimulates the synthesis of polyphenols, while it can negatively impact certain aroma compounds in grapes and wines. Over the past decades, tools have been developed to quantify terroir parameters. Vine water status can be assessed by means of carbon isotope discrimination measured on grape sugar (so-called δ13C). Vine nitrogen status can be assessed with the measurement of Yeast Available Nitrogen (YAN). In this way, terroir parameters can not only be measured but also mapped. Ideally, vineyards should be established in areas where soil temperature (relative to air temperature), soil water holding capacity (relative to rainfall and potential evapotranspiration) and soil nitrogen availability are optimum for the type of wine which is intended to be produced. Terroir expression can, however, be optimized by choosing appropriate plant material, and via vineyard floor management, fertilization and other management techniques.

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Section: Soil Water Supplymentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Soil Water Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil-related terroir factors: a review

Leeuwen¹,

2018

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“…This may lead to lower yields, because several yield parameters are impacted by water deficits, in particular berry size [14,15] and bud fertility [57]. On the other hand, water deficit has a positive effect on red wine quality because grape skin phenolics increase [14,15,58] and wines develop more complex aromas during bottle ageing [17,18]. So far, the best vintages in Bordeaux (where vines are not irrigated) are dry vintages [45].…”

Section: Drought Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Impact of Climate Change in Viticulture and Potential Adaptations

Leeuwen

Destrac-Irvine

Dubernet³

et al. 2019

Agronomy

297

236

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Climate change will impose increasingly warm and dry conditions on vineyards. Wine quality and yield are strongly influenced by climatic conditions and depend on complex interactions between temperatures, water availability, plant material, and viticultural techniques. In established winegrowing regions, growers have optimized yield and quality by choosing plant material and viticultural techniques according to local climatic conditions, but as the climate changes, these will need to be adjusted. Adaptations to higher temperatures include changing plant material (e.g., rootstocks, cultivars and clones) and modifying viticultural techniques (e.g., changing trunk height, leaf area to fruit weight ratio, timing of pruning) such that harvest dates are maintained in the optimal period at the end of September or early October in the Northern Hemisphere. Vineyards can be made more resilient to drought by planting drought resistant plant material, modifying training systems (e.g., goblet bush vines, or trellised vineyards at wider row spacing), or selecting soils with greater soil water holding capacity. While most vineyards in Europe are currently dry-farmed, irrigation may also be an option to grow sustainable yields under increasingly dry conditions but consideration must be given to associated impacts on water resources and the environment.

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“…Alamo-Sanza et al report that small amounts of O 2 added along with the oak alternatives (chips, staves) can produce wines, when bottle-aged, that are similar to those that are barrel-aged [7]. Picard et al showed that the water status of the vine can influence the volatile profile (bouquet) of a bottle-aged wine [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Changes in Volatile Compounds in British Columbian Varietal Wines That Were Bottle Aged for Up to 120 Months

et al. 2019

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This research quantified 46 volatile compounds in vintage wines (1998–2005) from British Columbia (BC), which had been bottle-aged for up to 120 months. Wines were analyzed up to five times, between December 2003 and October 2008. Compounds were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their concentrations were related to “wine age” using single linear regression (SLR). SLR models were developed for each wine compound (eight alcohol, 12 ester/acetate, one acid, one aldehyde, one sulfur) in eight varietal wines: six red (Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Meritage, Merlot, Pinot noir, Syrah) and two white (Chardonnay, Pinot gris). Parameter estimates (b0, intercept; b1, slope) and R2 values for models were reported for each compound and each variety. Most of the significant SLR models (109/123) had negative slopes (−b1 coefficients), indicating a decrease in the compounds’ concentration with “wine age”. The b1 coefficients were very small for isobutyl acetate, ethyl isovalerate and ethyl decanoate (−0.00013 to −0.0006 mg/L/mon) and largest (most negative) for 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl lactate and isobutyl alcohol (−2.26 to −6.26 mg/L/mon). A few SLR models (14/123) had positive slopes (+b1 coefficients), indicating an increase in the compounds’ concentration with “wine age”, particularly for acetaldehyde, diethyl succinate, ethyl formate and dimethyl sulfide. The +b1 coefficients were smallest for ethyl decanoate (0.0001 mg/L/mon) and dimethyl sulfide (0.00024 mg/L/mon) and largest for dimethyl succinate and acetaldehyde (0.06 mg/L/mon). These values varied by four orders of magnitude (104), reflecting the large concentration range observed for the different volatile compounds. The work provided, for the first time, an empirical (non-theoretical) approach to documenting the evolution of volatile compounds in BC wines. It equipped the industry with an easy-to-use new tool for predicting the concentration of desirable or undesirable compounds in their wines and assisted the industry with decision making regarding the release of their wines into the marketplace.

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Vine Water Deficit Impacts Aging Bouquet in Fine Red Bordeaux Wine

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Soil-related terroir factors: a review

Soil-related terroir factors: a review

An Update on the Impact of Climate Change in Viticulture and Potential Adaptations

Modelling Changes in Volatile Compounds in British Columbian Varietal Wines That Were Bottle Aged for Up to 120 Months

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