Vinyl Chloride

Abstract

A brief history of the commercial development of vinyl chloride, tabulation of its physical properties, discussion of its chemical reactions, detailed descriptions of the component processes currently used for its production, economic aspects, uses, toxicity and handling precautions, and purity standards are given. Chemical reactions that vinyl chloride undergoes include polymerization, substitution at the carbon–chlorine bond, oxidation, addition, photochemistry, and pyrolysis. Important manufacturing methods are described with emphasis on the balanced process based on ethylene and chlorine feedstocks. Component processes of direct chlorination, oxychlorination, and pyrolysis of the intermediate 1,2‐dichloroethane (EDC) are described in terms of their reaction mechanisms, operating conditions, conversions and yields, and overall process integration. Oxychlorination technology comparisons are made between processes involving either fixed‐ or fluidized‐bed reactors and either air or oxygen feeds. Intermediate 1,2‐dichloroethane purification requirements are described as are by‐product handling and disposal and environmental considerations. Technology trends are also briefly discussed. Economic aspects given include production of vinyl chloride monomer, and a listing of U.S. producers. Quality standards are also presented, along with toxicity and handling precautions.

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