Violent Behavior as Related to Use of Marijuana and Other Drugs

Friedman, Alfred S.; Glassman, Kimberly; Terras, B A

doi:10.1300/j069v20n01_06

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Marijuana use is related to a number of risky behaviors that may result in aversive consequences to self or others, including crime, other drug use, risky driving, traffic accidents, and high-risk sexual activity (Brook et al, 1999;Cunningham et al, 2000;Friedman et al, 2001;Kingree et al, 2000). Despite the relationship between marijuana use and maladaptive risky behavior, few laboratory studies have investigated the relationship between marijuana intoxication and risk taking (Janowsky et al, 1976;Liguori et al, 1998;and Ramaekers et al, 2000 showed impaired riskrelated performance on driving/flying simulators).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early-onset marijuana use is related to later delinquency, having multiple sexual partners, and use of other drugs (Brook et al, 1999). Marijuana use is associated with criminal behavior, notably attempted homicide, drug trafficking, and delinquency in adolescents and young adults (Fergusson and Horwood, 1997;Friedman et al, 2001;Watts and Wright, 1990;White, 1991). Marijuana use has been associated with risky sexual behavior (Duncan et al, 1999;Kingree et al, 2000;Kingree and Betz, 2003;Staton et al, 1999) and chronic use may serve as a predictor for HIV risk (Malow et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

Lane

Cherek

Tcheremissine

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

149

100

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Previous studies have established a relationship between marijuana use and risky behavior in natural settings. A limited number of laboratory investigations of marijuana effects on human risk taking have been conducted. The present study was designed to examine the acute effects of smoked marijuana on human risk taking, and to identify behavioral mechanisms that may be involved in drug-induced changes in the probability of risky behavior. Using a laboratory measure of risk taking designed to address acute drug effects, 10 adults were administered placebo cigarettes and three doses of active marijuana cigarettes (half placebo and half 1.77%; 1.77%; and 3.58% D 9 -THC) in a within-subject repeated-measures experimental design. The risk-taking task presented subjects with a choice between two response options operationally defined as risky and nonrisky. Data analyses examined cardiovascular and subjective effects, response rates, distribution of choices between the risky and nonrisky option, and first-order transition probabilities of trial-by-trial data. The 3.58% THC dose increased selection of the risky response option, and uniquely shifted response probabilities following both winning and losing outcomes following selection of the risky option. Acute marijuana administration thereby produced measurable changes in risky decision making under laboratory conditions. Consistent with previous risk-taking studies, shifts in trial-by-trial response probabilities at the highest dose suggested a change in sensitivity to both reinforced and losing risky outcomes. Altered sensitivity to consequences may be a mechanism in drug-induced changes in risk taking. Possible neurobiological sites of action related to THC are discussed. Neuropsychopharmacology (2005) 30, 800-809.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Marijuana Effects on Human Risk Taking

Lane

Cherek

Tcheremissine

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

149

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This causes users to be highly vulnerable to clinical diseases, impulsive behavior, violence, and promiscuity, in order to obtain the drug. [4][5][6] The profile of crack users is generally young adults who are users of multiple PS, but adopt crack as their drug of choice. [7][8][9] The most common pattern of crack consumption described in the literature is characterized by loss of control, seeking behavior (despite obvious harm to various aspects of life), intense craving, and frequent relapses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of inhibitory control in crack and/or cocaine users: a systematic review

Czermainski

Willhelm

Santos

et al. 2017

Trends Psychiatry Psychother.

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Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Review ArticleResumo Objetivo: Prejuízos envolvendo o controle inibitório têm sido considerados déficits centrais em usuários de substâncias psicoativas, contudo parece haver disfunções específicas de acordo com a droga de escolha. Este artigo teve por objetivo revisar os achados recentes sobre alterações do controle inibitório em amostras de usuários de cocaína e/ou crack. Método: A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycINFO e Web of Knowledge, em duas etapas, de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade: inicialmente foi feita uma pesquisa nas bases de dados com análise dos títulos e resumos; após, os artigos foram lidos na íntegra. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos empíricos publicados em inglês, português ou espanhol, nos últimos 10 anos e que tenham avaliado o controle inibitório em usuários de cocaína e/ou crack. Resultados: Do total de 3.796 resultados, 56 títulos foram selecionados, sendo 20 excluídos. Como resultado, 36 artigos foram incluídos na revisão. Em 90% dos estudos revisados, foi relatada a presença de déficits de controle inibitório, verificados através de prejuízos no processamento cognitivo e no monitoramento de respostas, além de níveis elevados de impulsividade, independentemente do padrão de consumo de cocaína e/ou crack (uso recreativo ou crônico). Usuários em abstinência apresentaram níveis elevados de impulsividade, mesmo após longos períodos sem uso da droga. Conclusão: Usuários de cocaína e/ou crack podem apresentar prejuízos de controle inibitório apesar dos diferentes padrões de consumo. Níveis elevados de impulsividade podem constituir fator de vulnerabilidade para o uso de drogas e para a recaída. Descritores: Drogas, avaliação, inibição, cognição. AbstractObjective: Impairments involving inhibitory control have been considered central deficits in drug users, but it appears that dysfunctions may be specific to users' drug of choice. This article aims to review recent findings on inhibitory control impairment in samples of crack and/or cocaine users. Methods: Searches were conducted on the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Knowledge databases in two stages according to eligibility criteria. Initially, databases were searched and the titles and abstracts of results were analyzed and then selected articles were read in full. Inclusion criteria were: empirical articles written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, published in the last ten years and involving the assessment of inhibitory control in crack and/or cocaine users. Results: The database searches returned a total of 3,796 titles, 56 of them were selected initially and then a further 20 were excluded. Thirty-six articles were included in this review. In 90% of the studies reviewed the presence of inhibitory control deficits was reported, verified by impaired cognitive processing and response monitoring, as well as high levels of impulsiveness, regardless of the pattern of crack and/or cocaine consumption (recreational or chronic). Former users showed high levels of impulsi...

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“…Whereas considerable research has examined drug trafficking among gangs and high risk youth [8,9,10,11], this literature may have limited relevance for the large number of students who sell drugs yet remain relatively well-integrated into school and other social institutions. To date, however, few studies have examined drug selling among a general population of high school students [7,12].…”

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confidence: 99%