Virtual reality and gamification in education: a systematic review

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the use of virtual reality and gamification in education by examining the existing literature. In addition to virtual reality, this study focuses on gamified virtual reality learning environments which refer to virtual reality learning environments that integrate gamification elements and mechanisms. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, a systematic literature review was carried out. No limitations were set regarding educational level, type of study, subject, and publication year. The related articles were retrieved from 5 databases (ERIC, Google Scholar, IEEE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science). A total of 112 articles were included, 16 research questions were explored, and a thematic analysis was conducted. To evaluate the quality of the articles included, the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used. According to the findings, gamification and virtual reality support several pedagogical theories and approaches. Their adoption to and integration into education can enrich and transform traditional teaching and learning and were assessed positively by students and teachers. Gamification elements significantly affected students’ achievements. In comparison to traditional learning environments, gamified virtual reality learning environments were more motivating, engaging, and interactive and offered more opportunities for personalized and collaborative learning. Through the realistic and interactive experiences offered, students’ immersion and social presence can be enhanced, knowledge acquisition can be improved, and material comprehension can be facilitated. Positive changes in student attitude, behavior, and mentality as well as improved cognitive, physical, and social–emotional development were observed. When using learning environments that integrate both virtual reality and gamification, students’ learning outcomes, motivation, engagement, and self-efficacy were increased. Additionally, students’ academic performance, active involvement, and satisfaction were improved. Students’ curiosity, imagination, focus, and interest were enhanced and their skills and competences were developed. Finally, gamified virtual reality emerged as an effective educational tool that can improve learning at all educational levels, subjects, and contexts.

Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Patient Education and Communication in Dentistry

“…Personalization ensures that challenges, goals, and rewards resonate with each individual, making the experience more relevant and engaging. Social dynamics, such as leaderboards and community interactions, foster a sense of camaraderie and competition among users, motivating them to improve their oral hygiene habits [26]. Additionally, incorporating narratives and storytelling into the gamified experience adds depth and emotional connection, making it more enjoyable and memorable.…”

An exploratory study on practising listening comprehension skills in high‐immersion virtual reality

“…Many learners have limited attention spans and struggle to concentrate on longer lectures or monologues, especially in a foreign language (Klaassen & De Graaff, 2001). The immersive nature of VR can help learners practise their listening comprehension skills, even in complex languages such as Chinese, by providing detailed visual information and incorporating gaming elements (Lampropoulos & Kinshuk, 2024). As a result, VR may enhance learners' interest in practising language skills.…”

Enhancing Language Learning and Intergroup Empathy through Multi-user Interaction and Simulations in a Virtual World

“…By incorporating features such as rewards, leaderboards, challenges, and badges, gamification can foster a sense of accomplishment, competition, and progress that motivates learners to persist in their learning endeavors [19]. A comprehensive meta-analysis conducted by Lampropoulos and Kinshuk [20] examined 112 studies that investigated the combination of gamification and virtual worlds. The findings revealed that gamification can have a positive impact on educational activities and enrich virtual reality experiences, resulting in more interactive, engaging, and motivating learning environments.…”

“…Moreover, gamification in virtual worlds can encourage self-directed learning and autonomy, as learners are empowered to take control of their learning progress and make decisions about which tasks to prioritize and complete. Lampropoulos and Kinshuk [20] argue that gamified virtual reality is a powerful educational tool that can enhance learning across all educational levels, subjects, and contexts. However, to ensure the effectiveness of gamification in virtual world education, careful design and implementation are essential.…”