Virtual view invariant domain for 3D video blind watermarking

Franco-Contreras, Javier; Baudry, Séverine; Doerr, Gwenaël

doi:10.1109/icip.2011.6116242

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Franco-Contreras et al proposed a method of averaging the luminance of an image in the horizontal direction and then inserting a watermark in the averaged vector [19]. This method is robust against DIBR and signal processing attacks, but has the disadvantage of not considering geometric transformations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Template-Based Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

et al. 2018

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Several depth image-based rendering (DIBR) watermarking methods have been proposed, but they have various drawbacks, such as non-blindness, low imperceptibility and vulnerability to signal or geometric distortion. This paper proposes a template-based DIBR watermarking method that overcomes the drawbacks of previous methods. The proposed method exploits two properties to resist DIBR attacks: the pixel is only moved horizontally by DIBR, and the smaller block is not distorted by DIBR. The one-dimensional (1D) discrete cosine transform (DCT) and curvelet domains are adopted to utilize these two properties. A template is inserted in the curvelet domain to restore the synchronization error caused by geometric distortion. A watermark is inserted in the 1D DCT domain to insert and detect a message from the DIBR image. Experimental results of the proposed method show high imperceptibility and robustness to various attacks, such as signal and geometric distortions. The proposed method is also robust to DIBR distortion and DIBR configuration adjustment, such as depth image preprocessing and baseline distance adjustment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Template-Based Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

et al. 2018

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“…Also, object based depth smoothing [14] can be incorporated to remove the watermark from the depth of the 3D images. Recently, Franco et al proposed a virtual view invariant frame by frame 3D video watermarking scheme [10] where the watermark is embedded with the coefficients of each row to make the watermarking scheme robust against synthesis view attack. The row pixel positions may change with respective to the left and the right view images due to the presence of independent regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The row pixel positions may change with respective to the left and the right view images due to the presence of independent regions. Franco's scheme [10] didn't handle the above scenario at the time of embedding. Moreover, the row-wise bit embedding may result in visual artefacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

View invariant DIBR-3D image watermarking using DT-CWT

Rana¹,

Sur

2018

Multimed Tools Appl

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In 3D image compression, depth image based rendering (DIBR) is one of the latest techniques where the center image (say the main view, is used to synthesise the left and the right view image) and the depth image are communicated to the receiver side. It has been observed in the literature that most of the existing 3D image watermarking schemes are not resilient to the view synthesis process used in the DIBR technique. In this paper, a 3D image watermarking scheme is proposed which is invariant to the DIBR view synthesis process. In this proposed scheme, 2D-dual-tree complex wavelet transform (2D-DT-CWT) coefficients of centre view are used for watermark embedding such that shift invariance and directional property of the DT-CWT can be exploited to make the scheme robust against view synthesis process. A comprehensive set of experiments has been carried out to justify the robustness of the proposed scheme over the related existing schemes with respect to the JPEG compression and synthesis view attack.

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“…An efficient watermarking method for 3D DBIR images was presented in Wang et al 12 by using the scale-invariant feature transform to choose some suitable regions for watermarking and the spread spectrum technique to insert the watermark data in the DCT coefficients of the selected regions. A 3DV blind watermarking scheme based on a virtual view invariant domain was introduced in Franco-Contreras et al 13 The luminance average values of the 3DV frames are chosen for watermark embedding. In Lee et al, 14 another 3DV watermarking scheme that concentrates on perceptual quality embedding was introduced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient hybrid watermarking schemes for robust and secure 3D‐MVC communication

El‐Shafai

El-Rabaie

El-Halawany

et al. 2017

Int J Communication

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Digital watermarking is a promising and efficient methodology for protecting the copyright of the transmitted multimedia data. Three-dimensional videos (3DVs) are transmitted and stored in the form of compressed information.Thus, there is a great need for compressed 3DV watermarking. This paper presents 2 proposed hybrid watermarking schemes for securing the 3DV transmission. The first watermarking scheme is the homomorphic transform-based singular value decomposition in discrete wavelet transform domain. The second scheme is the 3-level discrete stationary wavelet transform in discrete cosine transform domain. The objective of the 2 proposed hybrid watermarking schemes is to increase the immunity of the watermarked 3DV to attacks and achieve adequate perceptual quality. The performances of the 2 proposed hybrid watermarking schemes are compared with those of the state-of-the-art watermarking schemes. The comparisons depend on both of the subjective visual results and the objective results; the peak signal-to-noise ratios of the watermarked frames and the normalized correlation of the extracted watermark frames. Extensive simulation results on standard 3DV sequences have been conducted in the presence of attacks. The obtained results confirm that the 2 suggested hybrid watermarking schemes are robust in the presence of attacks. They achieve not only very good perceptual quality with appreciated peak signal-to-noise ratio values but also high correlation coefficient values in the presence of attacks. beneficial to ensure copyright. A digital watermark can be embedded either in a compressed video or uncompressed video. 2 Video information are always transported and stored in the form of compressed data. The uncompressed video watermarking schemes can also be used for the compressed-video bit streams; however, they require complete video re-encoding and decoding for the watermark insertion or extraction. In different cases, the complete video stream decoding process is not recommended. So, the compressed video watermarking has recently acquired more attentiveness. Furthermore, the watermark insertion and extraction in compressed data has less computations, because the complete reencoding and decoding of the transmitted stream is not required for embedding and extracting the watermark bits.Recently, several video encoding standards have emerged. The objective of an encoding standard is to achieve high data compression, while maintaining an acceptable quality. The 3D multiview video coding (3D-MVC) is an efficient one of the recent encoding standards used in different applications. The 3D-MVC has received a broad attentiveness, and it is expected to rapidly take place of traditional 2D video coding in numerous applications. 3 In the 3D-MVC system, the original 3D video (3DV) consisting of multiple video streams is taken for the same object by various cameras. Thus, to transport the 3DV over limited resources networks, a highly efficient compression standard must be applied, whilst preserving a high reception quality. ...

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Virtual view invariant domain for 3D video blind watermarking

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

Robust Template-Based Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

Robust Template-Based Watermarking for DIBR 3D Images

View invariant DIBR-3D image watermarking using DT-CWT

Efficient hybrid watermarking schemes for robust and secure 3D‐MVC communication

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