Virulence Differences of Monkeypox Virus Clades 1, 2a and 2b.1 in a Small Animal Model

Americo, Jeffrey L.; Earl, Patricia L.; Moss, Bernard

doi:10.1101/2022.12.01.518711

“…Shortly around the time of earlier outbreaks of MPXV, reports appeared further clarifying poxvirus inhibitors of complement enzymes (PICEs) generic to previous OPXVs, with other proteins indicated as key to viral replication, cell structure, transcription, as well as immune responses [6][7][8]. These include morphogenesis factors, profilin-like factors, but also DNA ligases, and actin tail nucleation proteins.…”

Section: Differences Between Smallpox and Mpxvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 90 ORFs are considered to encode MPXV proteins required for replication. Some of these may undergo gene mutations affecting biological function [7,8]. There are an additional two conserved gene sequences (NR1 and NR2) that are known to flank ITR sequences in OPXV genomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Brown,

Fricke,

Imarogbe

et al. 2023

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Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2022, whilst severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains evolved, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections became more evident. MPXV is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXVs), vaccinia virus (VACV), and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being a causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. This review aims to present facts about MPXV-specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. MPXV was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards the eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to the propagation of MPXV causing monkeypox (mpox) disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular-initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Antiviral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and mpox disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorized treatment exists for mpox disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of mpox resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHVs), including Varicella zoster virus (VZV).

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“…Therefore, NR1 and NR2 may act as regulatory sequences. Currently classified utilising genomic surveillance (www.nextstrain.org), MPXV is known by clade I (Congo Basin) or clade II (West Africa) nomenclature [9,10]. When clades were classified, disruptions to ORFs were noted that may explain differences in virulence [11,12].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Brown,

Imarogbe,

Fricke

et al. 2023

Preprint

0

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Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the COVID—19 pandemic, an unexpected duality has occurred of SARS–CoV–2 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections. Monkeypox virus is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal to human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other Orthopoxviruses (OPXV) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXV), vaccinia virus (VACV) and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. The aim in this review is to present facts about MPXV specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. Monkeypox virus was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to propagation of MPXV causing MPOX disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Anti–viral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and MPOX disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorised treatment exists for MPOX disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of MPOX resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHV) including Varicella zoster (VZV).

show abstract

“…Therefore NR1 and NR2 act as regulatory sequences. Currently classified utilizing genomic surveillance (www.nextstrain.org), MPXV is known by clade I (Congo Basin) or clade II (West Africa) nomenclature [9,10]. When clades were classified, disruptions to ORFs were noted that may explain differences in virulence [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Brown¹

2023

Preprint

4

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the COVID—19 pandemic, an unexpected duality has occurred of SARS–CoV–2 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections. Monkeypox virus is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal to human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other Orthopoxviruses (OPXV) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXV), vaccinia virus (VACV) and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. The aim in this review is to present facts about MPXV specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. Monkeypox virus was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to propagation of MPXV causing MPOX disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Anti–viral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and MPOX disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorised treatment exists for MPOX disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of MPOX resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHV) including Varicella zoster (VZV).

show abstract

Virulence Differences of Monkeypox Virus Clades 1, 2a and 2b.1 in a Small Animal Model

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

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