Visible Light Communication, Networking, and Sensing: A Survey, Potential and Challenges

Optimization of Visible-Light Optical Wireless Systems: Network-Centric Versus User-Centric Designs

“…This issue was also reviewed by Pathak et al [14]. However, our new contribution is that apart from the conventional networkcentric methods presented in [14], we also survey the advanced user-centric cell formation design philosophy; • the solutions of the salient multiuser signal processing, scheduling and resource management problems in multiuser VLC-aided networks are surveyed; • the applications and extensions of VLC systems are surveyed, followed by the introduction of the open challenges encountered when integrating VLC into nextgeneration communication systems.…”

“…Furthermore, when employing many PDs together as an array, the imaging sensor can also be adopted as the VLC receiver. However, due to its low sampling rate, the achievable rate of an imaging sensor is much lower than that of a standalone PD [14].…”

“…Recently, Karunatilaka et al [13] reviewed the evolutionary development of VLC-based techniques and the related challenges. In another comprehensive survey of the existing literature of VLC systems [14], Pathak et al discussed the associated link-layer techniques as well as the optical cell design and interferencecoordination schemes, with an additional emphasis on the pertinent issues of visible light sensing.…”

“…Owing to the fact that an LED can be dimmed to an arbitrary level, integrating dimming control into VLC systems is required for the sake of saving energy [48]. The light should be dimmable arbitrarily in VLC systems, without the communications becoming interrupted, which means that the data should be modulated in such a way that any desired level of dimming is supported [14]. Numerous valuable modulation schemes supporting dimming control have been proposed for the LEDs, such as the variable OOK [48], [72], variable PPM [73], pulse width modulation with DMT [74], etc.…”

“…Apart from the study of the specific types of LEDs mentioned above, the basic characteristics of white LEDs have been widely investigated in [13], [14], [24], [26], [31], for the sake of constructing a VLC system. Since LEDs perform dual functions in indoor environments, the typical characteristics of LEDs are usually studied from two perspectives, namely in terms of their photometric parameters and radiometric parameters.…”