Visual Determination of Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure Using Allura Red As an Environmentally Friendly Pesticide Surrogate

Abstract

Quantifying dermal and inhalation exposure to pesticides is a critical component of the decision-making procedure for risk evaluation. For traditional determination of pesticide exposure, a large amount of organic solvent is inevitably used to extract pesticides from the sampling medium. This paper presents an environmentally benign method for determining potential dermal and inhalation exposure using water-soluble Allura Red as a pesticide surrogate. Only water is used to extract the Allura Red from the sampling medium. More importantly, the operator can attain an immediate visual impression of the exposure patterns. This visual contaminant dispersion can be helpful for the development of measures to improve operational safety through pesticide management. For validation of the method, comparative exposure analyses were carried out with representative lipophilic and hydrophilic pesticides (chlorpyrifos and nitenpyram) under similar application conditions. The results indicate that Allura Red had similar exposure distributions to those of the pesticides. The total exposure measured using Allura Red is higher but of roughly the same order of magnitude as the values obtained with the pesticides. Combined with the calculated margin of exposure, this environmentally friendly method could provide a very useful reference for exposure risk assessment in various pesticide use scenarios.

Field evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer: effect of spray volume on deposition and the control of pests and disease in wheat

“…Rhodamine‐B is a water‐soluble dye frequently used in this type of study, as it offers a high recovery rate and lower detection level. In addition to the tracer, 1‰ OP‐10 surfactant [alkylphenol polyoxyethylene (10) ether, C 34 H 62 O 11 ] was added to retain the physical properties of the formulation; this was necessary because pure dye solutions in water cannot easily be applied to hairy or waxy leaf surfaces …”

“…However, these high‐volume conventional sprayers with coarse nozzles and low spray quality cause major pesticide losses . Furthermore, the operators need to be present when spraying, which leads to higher operator exposure . In recent years, a new invention, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which uses aerial spraying technology, has been tested and deployed at a low scale in Asia.…”

“…2 Furthermore, the operators need to be present when spraying, which leads to higher operator exposure. 3 In recent years, a new invention, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which uses aerial spraying technology, has been tested and deployed at a low scale in Asia. In contrast to commonly used manned fixed-wing aircrafts in the United States, 4 UAVs do not require a take-off airport and are much more cost effective.…”

Comparison of Spray Deposition, Control Efficacy on Wheat Aphids and Working Efficiency in the Wheat Field of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Boom Sprayer and Two Conventional Knapsack Sprayers

“…Sci. 2019, 9, 218 2 of 16 lead to high chemical exposure of the operators [2,3] and postural discomfort [4]. The operational farm size is increasing with the growth of agricultural co-operatives, land leasing and contract farming, while the labor force is declining by urbanization and rural-urban migration [1], leading to these low-efficiency and labor-intensive equipment types no longer being suitable for crop protection.…”

Water‐soluble food dye of Allura Red as a tracer to determine the spray deposition of pesticide on target crops

“…The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was determined as the minimum concentration of injected Allura Red that yielded a signal-to-noise ratio of 10. 29 The LOQ was determined to be 0.02 mg L −1 . Linearity was assessed by analyzing six different concentrations of the standard solution.…”