Visual impairment and refractive error amongst school-going children aged 6–18 years in Sekhukhune District (Limpopo, South Africa)

Magakwe, Tshubelela S.S.; Xulu-Kasaba, Zamadonda Nokuthula; Hansraj, Rekha

doi:10.4102/aveh.v79i1.551

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…A summary of the characteristics of studies included in the systematic review is presented in Table S2 . Briefly, seven studies were conducted in Ghana, 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 six in Ethiopia, 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 five in Nigeria, 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 four in South Africa, 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 three from Egypt, 20 , 60 , 61 two each in Kenya, 62 , 63 Burkina Faso 64 , 65 and Sudan, 66 , 67 and one each in Rwanda, 68 Tunisia, 69 Libya, 70 Somalia, 71 Tanzania, 72 Togo, 73 Equatorial Guinea, 74 Morocco, 75 Uganda, 76 Malawi 77 and Benin 78 (Figure 2 ). Forty of the studies were school‐based, and two were population‐based.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Wajuihian et al (2017) 58 Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y U 36. Magakwe et al (2020) 59 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Sudan 37. Rushood et al (2013) 66 Y Y Y N N Y N Y U 38.…”

Section: Search Termsunclassified

“…Heterogeneity: I 2 = 99%, τ 2 = 0.0148, p = 0 Wedner et al (2002) 72 Kawuma and Mayeku (2002) 76 Kassa and Alene (2003) 49 75 Ovenseri−Ogbomo and Omuemu (2010) 40 Ovenseri−Ogbomo and Assien (2010) 43 Yared et al (2012) 47 Jimenez et al (2012) 65 Mehari and Yimer (2013) 48 Kumah et al (2013) 42 Rushood et al (2013) 66 Saa et al ( 2013) 73 Kedir and Girma (2014) 46 Mohamed et al (2014) 20 Yamamah et al (2015) 60 Soler et al (2015) 74 Nakua et al (2015) 41 Semanyenzi et al (2015) 68 Abdul−Kabir et al ( 2016) 38 Nartey et al ( 2016) 39 Alrasheed et al ( 2016) 67 Chebil et al (2016) 69 Elmajri (2017) 70 Atowa et al (2017) 51 Wajuihian et al (2017) 58 Ngozika Ezinne et al (2018) 55 Arafa et al (2019) 61 Ebri et al (2019) 54 Ragot et al (2020) 62 Ogbonna (2020) 52 Gessesse and Teshome (2020) 45 Ahmed et al (2020) 71 Magakwe et al (2020) 59 Ezegwui et al (2021) 53 Asare and Morjaria (2021) 44 Assem et al (2021) 50…”

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confidence: 99%

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Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Kobia‐Acquah

Flitcroft

Akowuah

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose To provide contemporary and future estimates of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa. Methods A systematic online literature search was conducted for articles on childhood (≤18 years) myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ −0.50D; high myopia: SE ≤ −6.00D) in Africa. Population‐ or school‐based cross‐sectional studies published from 1 Jan 2000 to 30 May 2021 were included. Meta‐analysis using Freeman–Tukey double arcsine transformation was performed to estimate the prevalence of childhood myopia and high myopia. Myopia prevalence from subgroup analyses for age groups and settings were used as baseline for generating a prediction model using linear regression. Results Forty‐two studies from 19 (of 54) African countries were included in the meta‐analysis (N = 737,859). Overall prevalence of childhood myopia and high myopia were 4.7% (95% CI: 3.3%–6.5%) and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.2%–1.1%), respectively. Estimated prevalence across the African regions was highest in the North (6.8% [95% CI: 4.0%–10.2%]), followed by Southern (6.3% [95% CI: 3.9%–9.1%]), East (4.7% [95% CI: 3.1%–6.7%]) and West (3.5% [95% CI: 1.9%–6.3%]) Africa. Prevalence from 2011 to 2021 was approximately double that from 2000 to 2010 for all studies combined, and between 1.5 and 2.5 times higher for ages 5–11 and 12–18 years, for boys and girls and for urban and rural settings, separately. Childhood myopia prevalence is projected to increase in urban settings and older children to 11.1% and 10.8% by 2030, 14.4% and 14.1% by 2040 and 17.7% and 17.4% by 2050, respectively; marginally higher than projected in the overall population (16.4% by 2050). Conclusions Childhood myopia prevalence has approximately doubled since 2010, with a further threefold increase predicted by 2050. Given this trajectory and the specific public health challenges in Africa, it is imperative to implement basic myopia prevention programmes, enhance spectacle coverage and ophthalmic services and generate more data to understand the changing myopia epidemiology to mitigate the expanding risk of the African population.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Wajuihian et al (2017) 58 Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y U 36. Magakwe et al (2020) 59 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Sudan 37. Rushood et al (2013) 66 Y Y Y N N Y N Y U 38.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Kobia‐Acquah

Flitcroft

Akowuah

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…Because of HReH shortages in under-resourced areas, patients cannot be screened for early visual problems detection and management. As a result, these patients suffer from avoidable conditions such as refractive error, which has a high prevalence in South African schoolgoing children, 37,38 and diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, which are more common in the elderly population. Cataract cases are easier to detect, and these are referred accurately albeit delayed through a bottleneck effect because of the low number of ophthalmologists and OMOs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of human resource distribution for public eye health services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Xulu-Kasaba

Mashige

Naidoo

2021

African Vision and Eye Health

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Background: The development of human resources for eye health (HReH), aimed at achieving a 25% reduction in visual impairment by the year 2020, was one of the VISION 2020 objectives.Aim: To assess HReH in the public sector of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), and its effect on the accessibility of eye care in the province.Setting: All public eye facilities in KZN.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study using a close-ended questionnaire to assess distribution and outputs of HReH. At the end of the questionnaire, respondents gave general comments on their ability to provide services.Results: Human resource rates were 0.89 for ophthalmologists, 2.44 for cataract surgeons, 4.8 for optometrists and 4.7 for ophthalmic nurses per 1 million population. Most health facilities had some HReH working in them, albeit none had dispensing opticians. Regression analysis showed that 67.1% of variation in cataract surgery was because of the number of surgeons available. Cataract surgical rates were low with a waiting period of up to 18 months. In addition to the refractive error regression analysis of 33.7%, spectacle supply was low, with a backlog of up to 9 months in some facilities.Conclusion: Overall, HReH targets as per VISION 2020 and the National Prevention of Blindness have not been met in this region. Dispensing opticians are not employed in any of the province’s health districts. An increase in the eye health workforce is necessary to improve the eye health outcomes for people dependent on public eye facilities.

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“…Studies from South Africa have reported on the prevalence of visual loss/visual impairment in different districts/provinces [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Another study performed an evaluation of primary eye care services in three districts of South Africa to assess whether an ophthalmic health system strengthening (HSS) package could improve these services [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Eye Health among Public Sector Eye Health Workers in South Africa

Xulu-Kasaba

Mashige

Naidoo

2021

IJERPH

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In South Africa, primary eye care is largely challenged in its organisational structure, availability of human and other resources, and clinical competency. These do meet the standard required by the National Department of Health. This study seeks to assess the levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on eye health amongst Human Resources for eye health (HReH) and their managers, as no study has assessed this previously. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 districts of a South African province. A total of 101 participants completed self-administered, close-ended, Likert-scaled questionnaires anonymously. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted, and values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Most participants had adequate knowledge (81.6%), positive attitudes (69%), and satisfactory practices (73%) in eye health. HReH showed better knowledge than their managers (p < 0.01). Participants with a university degree, those aged 30–44 years, and those employed for <5 years showed a good attitude (p < 0.05) towards their work. Managers, who supervise and plan for eye health, were 99% less likely to practice adequately in eye health when compared with HReH (aOR = 0.012; p < 0.01). Practices in eye health were best amongst participants with an undergraduate degree, those aged 30–44 years (aOR = 2.603; p < 0.05), and participants with <5 years of employment (aOR = 26.600; p < 0.01). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices were found to be significantly moderately correlated with each other (p < 0.05). Eye health managers have poorer knowledge and practices of eye health than the HReH. A lack of direction is presented by the lack of adequately trained directorates for eye health. It is therefore recommended that policymakers review appointment requirements to ensure that adequately trained and qualified directorates be appointed to manage eye health in each district.

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Visual impairment and refractive error amongst school-going children aged 6–18 years in Sekhukhune District (Limpopo, South Africa)

Cited by 4 publications

References 44 publications

Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

An assessment of human resource distribution for public eye health services in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Eye Health among Public Sector Eye Health Workers in South Africa

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