Visual Surveillance Within the EU General Data Protection Regulation: A Technology Perspective

Asghar, Mamoona Naveed; Kanwal, Nadia; Lee, Brian; Fleury, Martin; Herbst, Marco; Qiao, Yuansong

doi:10.1109/access.2019.2934226

Cited by 52 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…On the other hand, without encryption, alteration of video frames has become relatively easy because of the widespread dissemination of imageprocessing software. In addition, legal constraints of privacy protection for streamed video are being put in place across the world, such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [79], which mandates the employment of encryption, rather than other measures, in all except the simplest of video streaming contexts.…”

Section: H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SLEPX: An Efficient Lightweight Cipher for Visual Protection of Scalable HEVC Extension

et al. 2020

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This paper proposes a lightweight cipher scheme aimed at the scalable extension of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) codec, referred to as the Scalable HEVC (SHVC) standard. This stream cipher, Symmetric Cipher for Lightweight Encryption based on Permutation and EXlusive OR (SLEPX), applies Selective Encryption (SE) over suitable coding syntax elements in the SHVC layers. This is achieved minimal computational complexity and delay. The algorithm also conserves most SHVC functionalities, i.e. preservation of bit-length, decoder format-compliance, and error resilience. For comparative analysis, results were taken and compared with other state-of-art ciphers i.e. Exclusive-OR (XOR) and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The performance of SLEPX is also compared with existing video SE solutions to confirm the efficiency of the adopted scheme. The experimental results demonstrate that SLEPX is as secure as AES in terms of visual protection, while computationally efficient comparable with a basic XOR cipher. Visual quality assessment, security analysis and extensive cryptanalysis (based on numerical values of selected binstrings) also showed the effectiveness of SLEPX's visual protection scheme for SHVC compared to previously-employed cryptographic techniques.

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Section: H Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SLEPX: An Efficient Lightweight Cipher for Visual Protection of Scalable HEVC Extension

et al. 2020

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“…Besides, the authors discussed the impact of appropriate security measures while data processing and data transfer from one region to another [55]. Focuses on rights restriction [59].…”

Section: ) Territorial Scope (Article 3)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Off-chain data facilitates more data storage, data deletion, and modification.  On-chain storage stored hash value [59].…”

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confidence: 99%

GDPR Compliant Blockchains–A Systematic Literature Review

et al. 2021

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Although blockchain-based digital services promise trust, accountability, and transparency, multiple paradoxes between blockchains and GDPR have been highlighted in the recent literature. Some of the recent literature also proposed possible solutions to these paradoxes. This article aims to conduct a systematic literature review on GDPR compliant blockchains and synthesize the findings. In particular, the goal was to identify 1) the GDPR articles that have been explored in prior literature; 2) the relevant research domains that have been explored, and 3) the research gaps. Our findings synthesized that the blockchains relevant GDPR articles can be categorized into six major groups, namely data deletion and modification (Article 16, 17, and 18), protection by design by default (Article 25), responsibilities of controllers and processors (Article 24, 26, and 28), consent management (Article 7), data processing principles and lawfulness (Article 5,6 and 12), and territorial scope (Article 3). We also found seven research domains where GDPR compliant blockchains have been discussed, which include IoT, financial data, healthcare, personal identity, online data, information governance, and smart city. From our analysis, we have identified a few key research gaps and present a future research direction.

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“…Besides, traditional VS systems represent a threat to the privacy of personnel working within environments under surveillance, such as a city airport, as well as a threat to the privacy of members of the public passing through that environment, who do not otherwise pose any threat. In that regard, the system builds upon prior work by the authors [5] on achieving compliance with the European Union's (EU's) recent legislation for privacy protection, namely General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notice that GDPR allows data controllers/processors to retain an individual's personal data if they are in the form of pseudonymised information and/or encryption (see Article 6(4) (e) and Article 32(1) (a)). That is GDPR encourages data protectionby-design (see Article 25) [5], according to the sensitivity level of the data. For video, video redaction through encryption is the normal data safeguard provided by GDPR and indeed that safeguard is adopted in the proposed security system if the data warrants that protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MuLViS: Multi-Level Encryption Based Security System for Surveillance Videos

et al. 2020

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Video Surveillance (VS) systems are commonly deployed for real-time abnormal event detection and autonomous video analytics. Video captured by surveillance cameras in real-time often contains identifiable personal information, which must be privacy protected, sometimes along with the locations of the surveillance and other sensitive information. Within the Surveillance System, these videos are processed and stored on a variety of devices. The processing and storage heterogeneity of those devices, together with their network requirements, make real-time surveillance systems complex and challenging. This paper proposes a surveillance system, named as Multi-Level Video Security (MuLViS) for privacyprotected cameras. Firstly, a Smart Surveillance Security Ontology (SSSO) is integrated within the MuLViS, with the aim of autonomously selecting the privacy level matching the operating device's hardware specifications and network capabilities. Overall, along with its device-specific security, the system leads to relatively fast indexing and retrieval of surveillance video. Secondly, information within the videos are protected at the times of capturing, streaming, and storage by means of differing encryption levels. An extensive evaluation of the system, through visual inspection and statistical analysis of experimental video results, such as by the Encryption Space Ratio (ESR), has demonstrated the aptness of the security level assignments. The system is suitable for surveillance footage protection, which can be made General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliant, ensuring that lawful data access respects individuals' privacy rights.

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Visual Surveillance Within the EU General Data Protection Regulation: A Technology Perspective

Cited by 52 publications

References 39 publications

SLEPX: An Efficient Lightweight Cipher for Visual Protection of Scalable HEVC Extension

SLEPX: An Efficient Lightweight Cipher for Visual Protection of Scalable HEVC Extension

GDPR Compliant Blockchains–A Systematic Literature Review

MuLViS: Multi-Level Encryption Based Security System for Surveillance Videos

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