Visualization of sneeze ejecta: steps of fluid fragmentation leading to respiratory droplets

Laser‐Induced Freestanding Graphene Papers: A New Route of Scalable Fabrication with Tunable Morphologies and Properties for Multifunctional Devices and Structures

“…At 0.75 W, inflated bump‐like structures appear at the surface of partially irradiated PI fiber with large pores (>5 µm). We believe this is the threshold power to reach carbonization point in polyimide . At the enhanced power of 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 W, pristine PI fiber becomes completely nonexistent.…”

“…We believe this is the threshold power to reach carbonization point in polyimide. [35] At the enhanced power of 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 W, pristine PI fiber becomes completely nonexistent. Instead, rolling sheetlike structures are intertwined together to form the porous structure similar to Figure 1f.…”

Nosocomial amplification of MERS-coronavirus in South Korea, 2015

“…However, recent validation studies -which have directly measured the role of violent respiratory events (e.g., sneezing and coughing) on indoor environmental contamination-show a new path ahead where pathogen loads, transport and mixing from a range of patient types can be addressed. 19,20,31 Moving forward, such studies will likely be integral to the development and effective deployment of more robust solutions for low cost redesign of indoor ventilation systems and patient-specific pathogen containment strategies,…”

“…In particular, this newer research-which focuses on examining the fundamental mechanics of disease transmission-demonstrates that respiratory droplet deposition and suspension in indoor spaces is dependent on coupling between host physiology and indoor environmental conditions. 19,20,31 Therefore, to mechanistically explain the potential role of environmental contamination in nosocomial amplification of MERS-coronavirus transmission, the following hypothesis was further explored using the search terms specified in Appendix I: 'Indirect transmission of MERS-coronavirus (or SARScoronavirus) via fomites and/or indoor ventilation systems has been posited or deemed probable in nosocomial settings.' Of the 4098 total articles recommended by Google Scholar, 489 abstracts were considered.…”

The snot-spattered experiments that show how far sneezes really spread

“…For Bourouiba's next set of experiments 4 , she zoomed in closer to the mouth to film a 150-millisecond-long sneeze. Videos taken from the side and top at up to 8,000 frames per second revealed that the fluid breaks up in steps, like a slow-motion explosion produced by Hollywood: the fluid emerges from the mouth in sheets, which are then punctured and form rings as they are stretched by the airflow.…”