Visually Evoked Potentials and Electroretinography in Neurologic Evaluation

Application of multifocal visual evoked potentials in the assessment of visual dysfunction in macular diseases

“…Weinstein et al 21 have demonstrated that the central 21 of the macula accounts for approximately 65% of the response in the occipital cortex, suggesting that the spatial detail of the central visual field is poorly represented by conventional pattern. Moreover, pattern reversal VEP is also subjected to wide intersubject variability, and therefore we hypothesized that mfVEP might be more suitable for assessment of macular dysfunction.…”

Activation-flow coupling differentiates between vascular and Alzheimer type of dementia

“…VEPs were calculated offline from the EEG signals according to published procedures and standards of a consensus group [15][16][17]. To quantify the typical peaks from the VEP waveform, the data from the 80 stimulations during a 40 s stimulation phase were averaged.…”

Flash electroretinography: normative values with surface skin electrodes and no pupil dilation using a standard stimulation protocol

“…It examines the functional integrity of the retina, including the status of the rods and cones in the outer retina [1,2], and associated pathways in the middle and inner retina layers [3]. Although the examination has existed for many decades as a routine diagnostic method in clinical ophthalmology, there has been a delay in establishing a global standard in how the examination is carried out [4].…”