Vitamin D as a modulating agent of metformin and insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Diabetes, which is one of the most important health challenges for humankind, is associated with impaired glucose metabolism. Diabetes mellitus (DM) includes two major types of diabetes, type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM). In this study, in the beginning, interventional and experimental studies were performed on 45 patients with T2DM, and the modulating effects of vitamin D were evaluated on the biochemical parameters of patients with the restricted diet, consuming metformin or insulin. With regard to our experimental results, the combination treatment of metformin/ vitamin D or insulin/ vitamin D can reduce the fasting blood sugar (FBS). A combination of vitamin D with insulin decreases the insulin resistance and raises the insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM. The combination treatment of vitamin D and metformin led to a decrease in the level of mRNA of GLUT4, and also it's trafficking from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. At the second phase of the present study, molecular dynamics (MD), molecular docking, MM/PBSA, and QM/MM were occupied to examine the structural behavior of VDR, in the free or ligand bound state, during 50 ns. The MD results exhibited that in the presence of metformin, the flexibility of residues comprising helix 12 from vitamin D-bound VDR was decreased. In addition, metformin decreased the radius of gyration of agonist-bound VDR. In addition, QM/MM results showed that metformin diminished the binding free energy between VDR and vitamin D. Our computational data demonstrated that metformin, in the presence of vitamin D, reinforces the interaction between VDR and its co-activator protein.

A Bio-Indicator Pilot Study Screening Selected Heavy Metals in Female Hair, Nails, and Serum from Lifestyle Cosmetic, Canned Food, and Manufactured Drink Choices

“…The extraordinary advantages of molecular dockings, such as predicting experiments to help achieve scientific and medical ethics to reduce the number of experimental trials and pass down materials, as well as in elasticity docking for interesting cumulative considerations has potential. By docking complex binding energy, the lowest energy is represented by negative values, and this designates the highest binding affinity as high energy that produces unbalanced conformations that support pharmacological trials and interactions that activates or inhibits the activity of DNA, genes, ligands, proteins, and receptors of any studied molecule, element, phytochemistry, or new drug [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ].…”

Recent developments in molecular docking technology applied in food science: a review

“…And some diseases are inevitable with the continued lack of certain vitamins. For example, the vitamin A deficiency is often responsible for night blindness (Cruz et al, 2018); the vitamin B12 deficiency can cause metabolic disorders (Mullikin et al, 2018); and the vitamin D deficiency can lead not only to rickets but may also be associated with diabetes mellitus (de Oliveira & Domingueti, 2018;Abdi et al, 2019). Lin et al (Lin et al, 2016) studied the inhibitory effects of vitamin B2 and D3 on xanthine oxidase (XO), between which was a synergistic effect.…”