Vitamin D serves as a modulator of immune organs in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Emerging role of vitamin D3 in alleviating intestinal structure injury caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…Under pathogenic infection, organisms produce and accumulate ROS, which harms bioactive molecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins ( Tadeja et al., 2011 ). MDA and PC have been used to evaluate lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, respectively ( Zhang et al., 2023 ). In the current study, VD 3 administration reduced oxidative damage biomarker levels.…”

“…Moreover, the gene coding for superoxide dismutase, which is responsible for scavenging free radicals, is the target of VDR ( Zhong et al., 2014 ). VDR mediates the enhancement of antioxidant capacity by increasing antioxidant enzyme expression ( Zhang et al., 2023 ). Compared with those under optimal VD 3 supplementation (VD1,167.9 group), MDA and PC levels were elevated under excess VD 3 , potentially because excess VD 3 is stored and causes lipotoxicity in vivo ( Wang et al., 2015a ).…”

“…At the end of the 70-d growth period, the fish were transferred to new experimental cages and acclimatized to rearing conditions for 5 d ( Tian et al., 2017 ). Subsequently, fish were challenged by intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 mL of 2.5 × 10 8 colony-forming units/mL of A. hydrophila ( Zhang et al., 2023 ). The pathogen concentration was a non-lethal dosage sufficient to activate the immune system and, consequently, enable the investigation of fish reactivity against a threatening disease ( Luo et al., 2014 ).…”

“…However, the advent of high-density aquaculture in recent years has resulted in heightened susceptibility to various pathogens. Among these, Aeromonas hydrophila is the most frequent culprit of infections in grass carp culture, leading to substantial losses in the aquaculture industry ( Zhang et al., 2023 ). And A. hydrophila exhibit multiple routes of pathogenicity with extracellular proteins such as aerolysin, lipase, and chitinase, making it ideal as an experimental bacterium ( Abreu et al., 2018 ).…”

Innovation and development of the aquaculture nutrition research and feed industry in China

“…DHA could alleviate palmitic acid‐induced inflammation in macrophages via the TLR22‐MAPK‐PPARγ/Nrf2 pathway in L. crocea 22 . Vitamin D could attenuate Aeromonas hydrophila induced inflammation via vitamin D receptor b/macrophage stimulating 1 by modulating NFκB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signalling pathway in grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) 23 . Nutrition and immunology have become hot topics in aquaculture nutrition 24 .…”