Volatile organic compound emissions from 4D printing: Effects of material composition and external stimulus

Han, Muyue; Li, Lin; Zhao, Jing

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.102894

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…For the sectors contained in the ECLIPSE V6b data set, their unabated VOC emission factors were adopted directly from the ECLIPSE V6b data set because it better reflected regional differences by incorporating many localized data sets . For the newly added sources mentioned in Section , their VOC emission factors were adopted from the ABaCAS database. , …”

Section: Methodology and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in the VCP sector were only available for European countries in the ECLIPSE V6b data set, we supplemented the activity levels for China and the United States. For China, we used the activity level data obtained from the Air Benefit and Cost and Attainment Assessment System Emission Inventory (ABaCAS-EI). , For the United States, there were no direct statistical data reported for VCP consumption, so the activity levels were estimated by quantifying VCP sales by shipment value and commodity price, following the method described by McDonald et al and Seltzer et al The producer price index (PPI) was applied to adjust 2012 prices to those of 2015 due to the unavailability of 2015 prices in the statistical data, as shown in eq : 2015 .25em annual .25em usage ( kg ) = ASM .25em shipment .25em values ( $ ) 2012 .25em commodity .25em price ( $ / kg ) × 2015 .25em PPI 2012 .25em PPI …”

Section: Methodology and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LVOCs and ELVOCs, collectively referred to as xLVOCs, predominantly exist in a particle form due to their low volatility and are included in OCs; however, I/SVOCs were previously overlooked . Previous studies have conducted emission testing of I/SVOCs from different sources − to form sector-specific emission factors and ratios of I/SVOCs to primary organic aerosols (POA) or VOCs, which have been applied in some regional emission inventories. − Nevertheless, sectoral distinctions in I/SVOCs have not been reflected in global modeling studies, ,− in which uniform empirical ratios of I/SVOCs to POA or VOCs selected from a wide range of values derived from field and lab measurements − were applied across sectors (fossil fuel combustion, biofuel combustion and biomass burning), directly omitting sources such as VCPs highlighted by regional studies. ,,, Such discrepancies have resulted in vastly different I/SVOC emissions (54–450 Tg), introducing large uncertainties into secondary organic aerosol (SOA) simulations. Hence, it is important to quantify the organic emissions from different sectors with chemical accuracy on a global scale to better understand their environmental impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Global Anthropogenic Emissions of Full-Volatility Organic Compounds

Huang,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Traditional global emission inventories classify primary organic emissions into nonvolatile organic carbon and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), excluding intermediate-volatility and semivolatile organic compounds (IVOCs and SVOCs, respectively), which are important precursors of secondary organic aerosols. This study establishes the first global anthropogenic full-volatility organic emission inventory with chemically speciated or volatility-binned emission factors. The emissions of extremely low/low-volatility organic compounds (xLVOCs), SVOCs, IVOCs, and VOCs in 2015 were 13.2, 10.1, 23.3, and 120.5 Mt, respectively. The full-volatility framework fills a gap of 18.5 Mt I/S/xLVOCs compared with the traditional framework. Volatile chemical products (VCPs), domestic combustion, and on-road transportation sources were dominant contributors to full-volatility emissions, accounting for 30, 30, and 12%, respectively. The VCP and on-road transportation sectors were the main contributors to IVOCs and VOCs. The key emitting regions included Africa, India, Southeast Asia, China, Europe, and the United States, among which China, Europe, and the United States emitted higher proportions of IVOCs and VOCs owing to the use of cleaner fuel in domestic combustion and more intense emissions from VCPs and on-road transportation activities. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of organic emissions on global air pollution and climate change.

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Section: Methodology and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodology and Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Global Anthropogenic Emissions of Full-Volatility Organic Compounds

Huang,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Moreover, controlling intermediary states and persistent transformations with fast response speed is crucial for the adoption of 4D printing technology. It is also important to address the concern of volatile organic compounds that emit from shape transformation processes, especially in polymer materials containing small organic molecules that respond via high-temperature stimulus [154].…”

Section: Summary and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

4D printing: interdisciplinary integration of smart materials, structural design, and new functionality

Lyu

Wang

Chen

2023

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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4D printing allows for the transformation capabilities of 3D-printed architectures over time, altering their shape, properties, or function when exposed to external stimuli. This interdisciplinary technology endows the 3D architectures with unique functionalities, which has generated excitement in diverse research fields, such as soft robotics, biomimetics, biomedical devices, and sensors. Understanding the selection of the material, architectural designs, and employed stimuli is crucial to unlocking the potential of smart customization with 4D printing. This review summarizes recent significant developments in 4D printing and establishes links between smart materials, 3D printing techniques, programmable structures, diversiform stimulus, and new functionalities for multidisciplinary applications. We start by introducing the advanced features of 4D printing and the key technological roadmap for its implementation. We then place considerable emphasis on printable smart materials and structural designs, as well as general approaches to designing programmable structures. We also review stimulus designs in smart materials and their associated stimulus-responsive mechanisms. Finally, we discuss new functionalities of 4D printing for potential applications and further development directions.

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“…In fact, polymers are often employed for 4D printing because they are intelligent materials that can respond to physical stimuli [17]. Smart materials, also known as programmable materials or stimulus-responsive materials (SRM), are functionally and morphologically flexible [18], [19]. The kind of smart materials is a critical aspect in the capacity to modify itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A REVIEW ON 4D ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING - THE APPLICATIONS, SMART MATERIALS & EFFECT OF VARIOUS STIMULI ON 4D PRINTED OBJECTS

Maidin,

Jin Wee,

Sharum

et al. 2023

Jurnal Teknologi

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Additive Manufacturing, often known as 3D printing, is a process that uses a variety of materials to manufacture highly accurate items layer by layer. However, this technology has its limitations. One such limitation is the inability to print components larger than the printer's size due to the limited size of the build chamber. 4D additive manufacturing or 4D printing is an innovative development based on 3D printing that allows objects to be reshaped after printing, using stimuli-responsive materials that require external stimuli. This article present a review on 4D printing. Four databases, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus database, were systematically searched for relevant review articles to identify and classify research studies. Specific keywords (4D printing, additive manufacturing, smart materials, stimuli, and application) were identified and used to guide the discovery of relevant studies. A total of 28 full articles were reviewed to study the applications of 4D printing, smart materials for 4D printing, as well as the effect of various stimuli on 4D printed objects. In conclusion, this review gives a summary of 4D printing and highlights its potential for revolutionizing manufacturing and further research is required to solve the limitations posed by this technology.

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Volatile organic compound emissions from 4D printing: Effects of material composition and external stimulus

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Global Anthropogenic Emissions of Full-Volatility Organic Compounds

Global Anthropogenic Emissions of Full-Volatility Organic Compounds

4D printing: interdisciplinary integration of smart materials, structural design, and new functionality

A REVIEW ON 4D ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING - THE APPLICATIONS, SMART MATERIALS & EFFECT OF VARIOUS STIMULI ON 4D PRINTED OBJECTS

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