Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Milk:  Methods and Measurements

Kim, Sung R.; Halden, Rolf U.; Buckley, Timothy J.

doi:10.1021/es062362y

Cited by 37 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…An increasing number of reports show a rise in the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in surface waters in Europe (Hirsch et al, 1999; McArdell et al, 2003), the USA (Lindsey et al, 2001; Kolpin et al, 2002; Kim and Carlson, 2007), and Canada (Metcalfe et al, 2004). Cases of antibiotic contamination of wastewater are also well-known (Göbel et al, 2005; and others).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines in Aquatic Environment and Antibiotic Resistance in Indochina

Suzuki¹,

Hoa²

2012

Front. Microbio.

129

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Southeast Asia has become the center of rapid industrial development and economic growth. However, this growth has far outpaced investment in public infrastructure, leading to the unregulated release of many pollutants, including wastewater-related contaminants such as antibiotics. Antibiotics are of major concern because they can easily be released into the environment from numerous sources, and can subsequently induce development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Recent studies have shown that for some categories of drugs this source-to-environment antibiotic resistance relationship is more complex. This review summarizes current understanding regarding the presence of quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines in aquatic environments of Indochina and the prevalence of bacteria resistant to them. Several noteworthy findings are discussed: (1) quinolone contamination and the occurrence of quinolone resistance are not correlated; (2) occurrence of the sul sulfonamide resistance gene varies geographically; and (3) microbial diversity might be related to the rate of oxytetracycline resistance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines in Aquatic Environment and Antibiotic Resistance in Indochina

Suzuki¹,

Hoa²

2012

Front. Microbio.

129

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“…Other studies have reported concentration of other VOCs in breast milk (30, 31). Kim et al analyzed breast milk samples from Baltimore and North Carolina for chloroform, benzene, toluene and methyl tert-butyl ether, with a LOD of 0.01–0.02 µg/L (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Concentration of Trichloroethylene in Breast Milk and Household Water from Nogales, Arizona

Beamer

Luik

Abrell

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The United States Environmental Protection Agency has identified quantification of trichloroethylene (TCE), an industrial solvent, in breast milk as a high priority need for risk assessment. Water and milk samples were collected from 20 households by a lactation consultant in Nogales, Arizona. Separate water samples (including tap, bottled and vending machine) were collected for all household uses: drinking, bathing, cooking, and laundry. A risk factor questionnaire was administered. Liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether was followed by GC-MS for TCE quantification in water. Breast milk underwent homogenization, lipid hydrolysis and centrifugation prior to extraction. The limit of detection was 1.5 ng/mL. TCE was detected in 7 of 20 mothers’ breast milk samples. The maximum concentration was 6 ng/mL. TCE concentration in breast milk was significantly correlated with the concentration in water used for bathing (ρ=0.59, p=0.008). Detection of TCE in breast milk was more likely if the infant had a body mass index <14 (RR=5.2, p=0.02). Based on average breast milk consumption, TCE intake for 5% of the infants may exceed the proposed US EPA Reference Dose. Results of this exploratory study warrant more in depth studies to understand risk of TCE exposures from breast milk intake.

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“…Our sample size of 27 is of a magnitude similar to other studies that utilized composite sampling to investigate poorly characterized potential human exposure sources [44, 45] The goal of the present work was not necessarily to identify specific antibiotics in individual samples, but rather to conduct a large-scale screening of U.S. seafood to assess whether there is a need for more aggressive monitoring. Whereas the present dataset cannot prove the safety or danger of imported seafoods, it provides an incremental, yet significant step forward in assessing the safety of the U.S. seafood supply.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconnaissance of 47 antibiotics and associated microbial risks in seafood sold in the United States

Done

Halden

2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Self Cite

124

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Aquaculture production has nearly tripled in the last two decades, bringing with it a significant increase in the use of antibiotics. Using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the presence of 47 antibiotics was investigated in U.S. purchased shrimp, salmon, catfish, trout, tilapia, and swai originating from 11 different countries. All samples (n= 27) complied with U.S. FDA regulations and five antibiotics were detected above the limits of detection: oxytetracycline (in wild shrimp, 7.7 ng/g of fresh weight; farmed tilapia, 2.7; farmed salmon, 8.6; farmed trout with spinal deformities, 3.9), 4-epioxytetracycline (farmed salmon, 4.1), sulfadimethoxine (farmed shrimp, 0.3), ormetoprim (farmed salmon, 0.5), and virginiamycin (farmed salmon marketed as antibiotic-free, 5.2). A literature review showed that sub-regulatory levels of antibiotics, as found here, can promote resistance development and publications linking aquaculture to this have increased more than 8-fold from 1991–2013. Although this study was limited in size and employed sample pooling, it represents the largest reconnaissance of antibiotics in U.S. seafood to date, providing data on previously unmonitored antibiotics and on farmed trout with spinal deformities. Results indicate low levels of antibiotic residues and general compliance with U.S. regulations. The potential for development of microbial drug resistance was identified as a key concern and research priority.

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Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Milk: Methods and Measurements

Cited by 37 publications

References 48 publications

Distribution of Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines in Aquatic Environment and Antibiotic Resistance in Indochina

Distribution of Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines in Aquatic Environment and Antibiotic Resistance in Indochina

Concentration of Trichloroethylene in Breast Milk and Household Water from Nogales, Arizona

Reconnaissance of 47 antibiotics and associated microbial risks in seafood sold in the United States

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