Volatile sulphur compounds in morning breath of human volunteers

Snel, J.; Burgering, Maurits; Smit, Ben; Noordman, Wouter M.; Tangerman, A.; Winkel, Edwin; Kleerebezem, Michiel

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.016

Cited by 33 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The H 2 S concentration increased before lunch, then markedly decreased after lunch and increased again in the early evening before meals. This result is consistent with the previous studies 24,25,48 , demonstrating that the high concentration of sulphur gases at the time of awaking in the morning spontaneously decreases within an hour and that food ingestion dramatically reduces the concentrations of H 2 S 24,49 . The mean values of H 2 S before lunch were higher in about 50% of subjects compared with those after lunch.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community‐dwelling elderly Thai

et al. 2011

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Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community-dwelling elderly ThaiObjectives: The purposes of this study were (i) to estimate the prevalence of oral malodour, (ii) to evaluate the daily variation of oral malodour and (iii) to assess associations of volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations with socio-demographics, health behaviours and oral health status in communitydwelling elderly Thai. Methods: The subjects were 428 dentate elderly people (67.6 ± 5.6 years) living in Phitsaulok, Thailand. Information on their socio-demographics, general health and health behaviours was obtained by a questionnaire. Their dental condition, periodontal status and tongue coating were clinically examined. Their flow rates and the pH of unstimulated saliva were also assessed. Oral malodour was measured at four different times of day using an Oral ChromaÔ. Results: The proportions of subjects diagnosed with oral malodour using the thresholds of H 2 S, CH 3 SH and (CH 3 ) 2 S were 60.5%, 62.9% and 80.7%, respectively. Concentrations of H 2 S showed significant daily variation. Linear regression analysis demonstrated the following significant associations: (i) oral malodour from H 2 S and thickness of the tongue coating, (ii) oral malodour from CH 3 SH and periodontal pocket depth of 5 mm or more and the presence of gingival bleeding and (iii) oral malodour from (CH 3 ) 2 S and systemic disease, medications and thickness of the tongue coating. Discussion: Oral malodour was shown to be prevalent among the elderly. Daily variation was observed in the concentration of H 2 S. Tongue coating, periodontal disease, systemic diseases and medications were related to oral malodour. Therefore, these factors should be taken into consideration in oral malodour treatment and prevention programmes for the elderly.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community‐dwelling elderly Thai

et al. 2011

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“…Measuring naturally elevated concentrations of VSCs found in the morning breath is generally recognized as a surrogate method for evaluating the effectiveness of various halitosis treatments (40). With the exception of some individual cases, there was no overall significant effect on morning breath measured with the Halimeter and OralChroma during the Yakult phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a commercial probiotic drink containingLactobacillus caseistrain Shirota on oral health in healthy dentate people

Sutula¹,

Coulthwaite²,

Thomas³

2013

Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease

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BackgroundIn the past decade, the use of probiotic-containing products has been explored as a potential alternative in oral health therapy. A widely available probiotic drink, Yakult, was evaluated for oral health applications in this longitudinal study. Selected oral health parameters, such as levels and composition of salivary and tongue plaque microbiota and of malodorous gases, in dentate healthy individuals were investigated for changes. The persistence of the probiotic strain in the oral cavity was monitored throughout the study period.MethodsA three-phase study (7 weeks) was designed to investigate simultaneously the effect of 4-week consumption of the probiotic-containing milk drink Yakult on the microbiota of saliva and dorsum tongue coating in healthy dentate people (n = 22) and levels of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) in morning breath. Study phases comprised one baseline visit, at which ‘control’ levels of oral parameters were obtained prior to the probiotic product consumption; a 4-week period of daily consumption of one 65 ml bottle of Yakult, each bottle containing a minimum of 6.5×109 viable cells of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS); and a 2-week washout period. The microbial viability and composition of saliva and tongue dorsum coating were assessed using a range of solid media. The presence of LcS in the oral cavity was investigated using a novel selective medium, ‘LcS Select’. Portable sulphur monitors Halimeter® and OralChromaTM were used to measure levels of VSCs in morning breath.ResultsUtilization of the LcS Select medium revealed a significant (p < 0.05) but temporary and consumption-dependent presence of LcS in saliva and tongue plaque samples from healthy dentate individuals (n = 19) during the probiotic intervention phase. LcS was undetectable with culture after 2 weeks of ceasing its consumption. Morning breath scores measured with Halimeter and OralChroma were not significantly affected throughout the trial, except in a small number of individual cases where Halimeter scores were significantly reduced during the probiotic intervention period. Natural fluctuations in resident acidogenic populations, and numbers of Candida and anaerobic species, including malodourous Gram-negative anaerobes, were unaffected.ConclusionWhile no broad ecological changes in the mouth were induced by consumption of Yakult in healthy dentate individuals, findings of this study confirm the temporary and intake-dependent presence of LcS. Future studies could focus on subjects at greater risk of oral infection, where ill-defined microbiota (e.g. an increased presence of periopathogens) or clinically diagnosed halitosis might be significantly affected by consumption of this probiotic.

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“…The problem will disappear as soon as oral hygiene measures are taken. Snel et al 23 concluded that gender seems to play an unknown role in this phenomenon: women manifest higher VSC levels than men in the morning. This phenomenon needs to be further investigated to understand its impact.…”

Section: Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach

2012

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Halitosis, bad breath or oral malodour are all synonyms for the same pathology. Halitosis has a large social and economic impact. For the majority of patients suffering from bad breath, it causes embarrassment and affects their social communication and life. Moreover, halitosis can be indicative of underlying diseases. Only a limited number of scientific publications were presented in this field until 1995. Ever since, a large amount of research is published, often with lack of evidence. In general, intraoral conditions, like insufficient dental hygiene, periodontitis or tongue coating are considered to be the most important cause (85%) for halitosis. Therefore, dentists and periodontologists are the first-line professionals to be confronted with this problem. They should be well aware of the origin, the detection and especially of the treatment of this pathology. In addition, ear–nose–throat-associated (10%) or gastrointestinal/endocrinological (5%) disorders may contribute to the problem. In the case of halitophobia, psychiatrical or psychological problems may be present. Bad breath needs a multidisciplinary team approach: dentists, periodontologists, specialists in family medicine, ear–nose–throat surgeons, internal medicine and psychiatry need to be updated in this field, which still is surrounded by a large taboo. Multidisciplinary bad breath clinics offer the best environment to examine and treat this pathology that affects around 25% of the whole population. This article describes the origin, detection and treatment of halitosis, regarded from the different etiological origins.

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Volatile sulphur compounds in morning breath of human volunteers

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community‐dwelling elderly Thai

Daily variation of oral malodour and related factors in community‐dwelling elderly Thai

The effect of a commercial probiotic drink containingLactobacillus caseistrain Shirota on oral health in healthy dentate people

Halitosis: the multidisciplinary approach

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