Volatilization and Mineralization of [3-<sup>14</sup>C]Fluoranthene After Soil Incorporation and Soil Surface Application

Ophoff, H.; Stork, Andreas; Veerkamp, William; Führ, F.

doi:10.1080/03067319608028339

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The functionality of the photovolatility chamber and the air sampling unit is documented by total 14 C recoveries of 94.8 and 99.9% applied radioactivity (Table 4), which is considered to be in agreement with acceptable error given the complexity of the experiment. System contamination was very low (<0.3% applied radioactivity), which can be attributed to the use of glass and polytetrafluoroethylene as the main construction materials and high air exchange rates [27].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new tool for laboratory studies on volatilization: Extension of applicability of the photovolatility chamber

Wolters

Kromer

Linnemann

et al. 2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Volatilization from soil and plant surfaces after application is an important source of pesticide residues to the atmosphere. The laboratory photovolatility chamber allows the simultaneous measurement of volatilization and photodegradation of 14C-labeled pesticides under controlled climatic conditions. Both continuous air sampling, which quantifies volatile organic compounds and 14CO2 separately, and the detection of surface-located residues allow for a mass balance of radioactivity. The setup of the photovolatility chamber was optimized, and additional sensors were installed to characterize the influence of soil moisture, soil temperature, and evaporation on volatilization. The modified flow profile in the glass dome of the chamber arising from the use of a high-performance metal bellows pump was measured. Diminished air velocity near the soil surface and a wind velocity of 0.2 m/s in 3 cm height allowed the requirements of the German guideline on assessing pesticide volatilization for registration purposes to be fulfilled. Determination of soil moisture profiles of the upper soil layer illustrated that defined water content in the soil up to a depth of 4 cm could be achieved by water saturation of air. Cumulative volatilization of [phenyl-UL-14C]parathion-methyl ranged from 2.4% under dry conditions to 32.9% under moist conditions and revealed the clear dependence of volatilization on the water content in the top layer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new tool for laboratory studies on volatilization: Extension of applicability of the photovolatility chamber

Wolters

Kromer

Linnemann

et al. 2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…A negligible positive pressure of 1 to 3 hPa is built up inside the wind tunnel because of an optimized flow design of the exhaust air unit. Several sieves in the air inlet were used to approximate a field‐like flow profile inside the wind tunnel as closely as possible, illustrated by rising wind velocity with increasing distance from the soil surface (Ophoff et al, 1996). The use of UV‐transparent glass (side walls) and UV‐transparent acrylic glass (lid) as construction materials guaranteed sufficient irradiation and light quality.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide Volatilization from Soil

Wolters¹,

Linnemann²,

Herbst³

et al. 2003

J of Env Quality

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A comparison was drawn between model predictions and experimentally determined volatilization rates to evaluate the volatilization approaches of European registration models. Volatilization rates of pesticides (14C-labeled parathion-methyl, fenpropimorph, and terbuthylazine and nonlabeled chlorpyrifos) were determined in a wind-tunnel experiment after simultaneous soil surface application on Gleyic Cambisol. Both continuous air sampling, which quantifies volatile losses of 14C-organic compounds and 14CO2 separately, and the detection of soil residues allow for a mass balance of radioactivity of the 14C-labeled pesticides. Recoveries were found to be > 94% of the applied radioactivity. The following descending order of cumulative volatilization was observed: chlorpyrifos > parathion-methyl > terbuthylazine > fenpropimorph. Due to its high air-water partitioning coefficient, nonlabeled chlorpyrifos was found to have the highest cumulative volatilization (44.4%) over the course of the experiment. Volatilization flux rates were measured up to 993 microg m(-2) h(-1) during the first hours after application. Parameterization of the Pesticide Emission Assessment at Regional and Local Scales (PEARL) model and the Pesticide Leaching Model (PELMO) was performed to mirror the experimental boundary conditions. In general, model predictions deviated markedly from measured volatilization rates and showed limitations of current volatilization models, such as the uppermost compartment thickness, making an enormous influence on predicted volatilization losses. Experimental findings revealed soil moisture to be an important factor influencing volatilization from soil, yet its influence was not reflected by the model calculations. Future versions of PEARL and PELMO ought to include improved descriptions of aerodynamic resistances and soil moisture dependent soil-air partitioning coefficients.

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“…A glass wind tunnel was erected above a 0.5-m 2 lysimeter (18,25,26). The climate inside the wind tunnel is continuously adapted to outside conditions or to the scenario of a reference field (27).…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Stork

Ophoff

Smelt

et al. 1998

ACS Symposium Series

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Volatilization of pesticides is either measured under artificial, constant conditions in the laboratory or using micrometeorological measurements in the field, both having their specific limitations. A wind tunnel erected above a lysimeter combines the advantages of both methods: simulated field conditions, use of radiolabeled compounds, detection of metabo lites and mass balances. The volatilization behavior of four pesticides was studied under simu lated field conditions in the wind tunnel. In two experiments, simultane ous, parallel measurements were carried out in the field. High volatiliza tion rates from plants were detected for fenpropimorph and parathion -methyl (up to 50 % d -1 ) whereas clopyralid showed only a very low volatilization. Generally, volatilization started immediately after appli cation at relatively high rates, rapidly decreasing to a considerably lower level, where a diurnal rhythm was observed. Volatilization rates corre sponded well with data from the simultaneous field measurements. Plant uptake was a major process counteracting pesticide volatilization. Vola tilization from bare soil was only slight for parathion-methyl (2 %) and terbuthylazine (0.5 %) during a 3-week wind-tunnel experiment. The volatilization rates were strongly dependent on soil moisture. A diurnal rhythm was observed right from the beginning. Simultaneously meas ured volatilization rates in the field were considerably higher due to dif ferences in soil moisture, application volume of water, and irrigation in tensity. The occurrence of non-identified metabolites in air samples sug gests that for many pesticides metabolic processes, possibly due to pho tolysis on plant or soil surfaces plays an important role in their dissipa tion.

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Volatilization and Mineralization of [3-¹⁴C]Fluoranthene After Soil Incorporation and Soil Surface Application

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

A new tool for laboratory studies on volatilization: Extension of applicability of the photovolatility chamber

A new tool for laboratory studies on volatilization: Extension of applicability of the photovolatility chamber

Pesticide Volatilization from Soil

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

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Volatilization and Mineralization of [3-14C]Fluoranthene After Soil Incorporation and Soil Surface Application

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

A new tool for laboratory studies on volatilization: Extension of applicability of the photovolatility chamber

A new tool for laboratory studies on volatilization: Extension of applicability of the photovolatility chamber

Pesticide Volatilization from Soil

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Volatilization and Mineralization of [3-¹⁴C]Fluoranthene After Soil Incorporation and Soil Surface Application