Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45–52′N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991

Haymon, Rachel M.; Fornari, Daniel J.; Damm, K. L. Von; Lilley, Marvin D.; Perfit, Michael R.; Edmond, John M.; Shanks, Wayne C.; Lutz, Richard A.; Grebmeier, Jacqueline M.; Carbotte, S. M.; Wright, Dawn J.; McLaughlin, Elizabeth A.; Smith, Matthew C.; Beedle, Nell; Olson, E. J.

doi:10.1016/0012-821x(93)90008-w

Cited by 452 publications

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“…Of the three "background" hydrocasts ( (Haymon et al, 1993). from 2300 m to the bottom at 2951 m. Cast S-38, though further east, showed even higher Mn and CH, this time increasing from 2100 m to the bottom at 3004 m but with distinct maxima at 2600 m depth. Maximum concentrations were 7 nM Mn and 0.8 nM CH, ; concentrations at the seafloor were 5 nM Mn and 0.4 nM CH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…A camera survey of the 9"03 ' N OSC found no hydrothermal activity (Sempere and Macdonald, 1986). Part of the southem segment between 9'45' and 9"52'N was the site of a volcanic eruption in April, 1991, the immediate results of which were witnessed from the manned submersible Alvin (Haymon et al, 1993). ,,,,,,,,,,, (Ballard et al, 1984(Ballard et al, , 1988McConachy et al, 1986).…”

Section: '40'mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manganese and methane in hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40′ to 11°50′N

Mottl

Sansone

Wheat

et al. 1995

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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Abstract-In November, 1991, we surveyed the water column for hydrothermal plumes along 350 km of the East Pacific Rise axis from 8'40 ' to 1 lo50 ' N, using a combination of physical and chemical measurements. Our survey included the two major ridge segments north and south of the Clipperton Transform Fault at about lO"lO'N, both limbs of the overlapping spreading centers (OSC's) at 9"03 'N and 1 lo45 'N, and a 30&m section of the next ridge segment to the south. We found vigorous plumes along most of this ridge axis, in keeping with its magmatically robust cross-section, axial summit caldera, and shallow, magma-related seismic reflector. These plumes were detectable by both physical (temperature and light attenuation) and chemical (dissolved Mn and CR) measurements, although the chemical measurements were more sensitive. The least active sections were the southern third of the northern segment from lo"20 to 52'N and the OSCs, especially the OSC at ll"45'N. Plumes there had weak Mn and CH4 signals and were barely detectable by physical methods. These axial sections were the only ones surveyed that lie deeper than 2600 m and appear to be magma starved. The most active sections on the northern segment gave stronger signals for Mn and temperature than for CH, and light attenuation, whereas the opposite was true on the southern segment, which was the site of a volcanic eruption at 9"45-52'N only seven months prior to our cruise. On the northern segment the four physical and chemical plume tracers correlated positively and linearly with one another, suggesting that the segment was fed by relatively uniform endmember fluids with a mean C&Nn molar ratio of 0.075. The southernmost section surveyed, from 8"42' to 9'08 'N, closely resembled the northern segment. The rest of the southern segment fell into three sections with different CHJMn ratios: 9"39 to 53'N with CHJMn as high as 10, 9'08 to 39'N with CHJMn of 0.51, and 9"53 ' to lO"07'N with CH,/Mn of 0.85. The section with the highest CHJMn was the site of the volcanic eruption, which produced high-temperature, low-salinity, gas-rich vent fluids carrying abundant bacterial Darticles. The high CH, concentradons are clearly associated with the volcanic eruption, but the origin of the CH, is uncle&.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: '40'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Manganese and methane in hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40′ to 11°50′N

Mottl

Sansone

Wheat

et al. 1995

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

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“…In this way, the fault scarps may become buried beneath tens of meters of overflows and may lie tens of meters outside the present margins of the axial trough whose walls have grown inwards with successive eruptions. This may explain how lava can be transported up to 50-100 m outside the axial trough through subseafloor"tubes and channels" [Haymon et aL, 1993]. At the high-stand of an eruption, lava could be introduced into the drained-out, hollow interiors of previous lobate overflows immediately adjacent to the trough (Figure 9c).…”

Section: -15 M (Table 2) This Comparison Suggests That Dikeinducedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid‐ocean ridge

Chadwick¹,

Embley²

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Grabens have been mapped immediately adjacent to recently erupted submarine lava flows on the Cleft and CoAxial segments of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR). The grabens are 10-100 m wide and 5-15 m deep and are located uprift and/or downrift of the eruptive vents that fed the flows. We interpret that these structures formed (or were reactivated) directly over the dike that fed the eruptions as it was intruding toward the surface. These graben structures are primary conduits for diffuse hydrothermal venting on the seafloor during the cooling of newly intruded dikes. The axial summit "graben" or "caldera" on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) in some locations has similar dimensions to the grabens observed on the JdFR, and we interpret that it too may be a dike-induced graben structure (although often buried by subsequent eruptions where it is narcowest). These grabens on the JdFR and the EPR are distinctly narrower and deeper than grabens that formed during well-documented dike intrusions on slow spreading rifts on land (Iceland and Afar). Mechanical modeling suggests that narrow grabens would form when a dike is at shallow depth where it imposes a high stress perturbation on the ambient stress state to cause faulting. Therefore the narrow grabens on the JdFR and EPR imply that a relatively high level of horizontal compressive stress typically exists perpendicular to the ridges, and this must be overcome by high dikeinduced perturbations to cause faulting. This is probably because gradual plate spreading rarely gets enough time to lower the compressive stress significantly due to the high frequency of dike intrusion events relative to the plate spreading rate. The dikes that do intrude in this environment must have relatively high internal magma pressure. Therefore the size and character of dike-induced grabens that form at the surface on intermediate to fast spreading ridges reflect the fact that volcanism dominates over tectonism in regulating the local stress state where a robust magma supply is available.

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“…Seafloor observations made within several days of submarine eruptions at 9 ø 50•N on the East Pacific Rise [Haymon et al, 1993], the CoAxial segment on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JDFR) [Embley et al, 1995], and the Gorda Ridge [Baker, 1998] have established that eruptions can create or renew vigorous hydrothermal activity. At none of these sites, however, were in situ observations available during the eruption to correlate precisely the timing between geophysical activity (seismicity, ground deformation, lava eruption) and the hydrothermal response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ observations of the onset of hydrothermal discharge during the 1998 Submarine Eruption of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Baker

Fox

Cowen

1999

Geophysical Research Letters

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Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9°45–52′N: Direct submersible observations of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991

Abstract: Earth and Planetary Science Letters 119 (1993) 85-101. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-WReceived by publisher: 1992-08-18Harvest Date: 2016-01-04 12:19:37DOI: 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90008-WPage Range: 85-10

Cited by 452 publications

References 42 publications

Manganese and methane in hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40′ to 11°50′N

Manganese and methane in hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8°40′ to 11°50′N

Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid‐ocean ridge

In situ observations of the onset of hydrothermal discharge during the 1998 Submarine Eruption of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

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