Volcano hazards and potential risks on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska

Feeley, T. C.; Winer, G.S.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.02.005

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…As ecosystem engineers, elephants strongly modify their local environments, especially at water holes and other areas of heavy use (35). As plant cover is destroyed, environmental deterioration rapidly radiates outward (12).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska

Graham

Belmecheri

Choy

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

153

169

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Relict woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) populations survived on several small Beringian islands for thousands of years after mainland populations went extinct. Here we present multiproxy paleoenvironmental records to investigate the timing, causes, and consequences of mammoth disappearance from St. Paul Island, Alaska. Five independent indicators of extinction show that mammoths survived on St. Paul until 5,600 ± 100 y ago. Vegetation composition remained stable during the extinction window, and there is no evidence of human presence on the island before 1787 CE, suggesting that these factors were not extinction drivers. Instead, the extinction coincided with declining freshwater resources and drier climates between 7,850 and 5,600 y ago, as inferred from sedimentary magnetic susceptibility, oxygen isotopes, and diatom and cladoceran assemblages in a sediment core from a freshwater lake on the island, and stable nitrogen isotopes from mammoth remains. Contrary to other extinction models for the St. Paul mammoth population, this evidence indicates that this mammoth population died out because of the synergistic effects of shrinking island area and freshwater scarcity caused by rising sea levels and regional climate change. Degradation of water quality by intensified mammoth activity around the lake likely exacerbated the situation. The St. Paul mammoth demise is now one of the best-dated prehistoric extinctions, highlighting freshwater limitation as an overlooked extinction driver and underscoring the vulnerability of small island populations to environmental change, even in the absence of human influence. mammoth | extinction | Holocene | St. Paul Island | ancient DNA

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska

Graham

Belmecheri

Choy

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

153

169

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, the knowledge of Quaternary volcanism and tephrostratigraphy in and around the Aleutian–Alaska Peninsula and Yukon region has been advancing rapidly (e.g. Westgate et al , ; Westgate, ; Mangan et al , ; Froese et al , ; Jensen et al, ; Feeley and Winer, ; Reyes et al , ; Preece et al , , ; Jensen et al, ; Turner et al , ; Davies et al , ; Jensen et al , ). Such Quaternary tephrostratigraphy has contributed to reconstructing palaeoenvironmental changes during glacial and interglacial intervals in the Arctic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dawson tephra, a widespread 29‐ka marker bed, in a marine core from Patton Seamount off the Alaska Peninsula and its potential marine–terrestrial correlation

Aoki

2019

J Quaternary Science

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A tephra layer with normal grading in the sub-bottom depth interval 119-122 cm in marine core SO202-27-6 was collected on Patton Seamount in the northeast North Pacific Ocean. Based on the geochemistry of volcanic glass shards determined by a wavelength dispersive electron probe micro-analyser and an X-ray fluorescence analyser, this layer is correlated to the Dawson tephra, a widespread late Pleistocene time marker tephra in Alaska and the Yukon. The age of the Dawson tephra in the core is 29.03 ± 0.178 ka (1 sigma) based on a published age model. The Dawson tephra is revealed to have been deposited in the transition from marine isotope stage 3 to 2, i.e. the last stage of Heinrich Stadial 3 derived from the ice-rafted debris signal. According to the correlation between Greenland (NGRIP ice core) and this core, the Dawson tephra occupies the record immediately before inter stadial 4 in the δ 18 O stratigraphy of NGRIP. The Dawson tephra on Patton Seamount includes lithic fragments, which suggests that it was deposited not only by fall-out but also in part via another mechanism, such as icebergs from the Cordilleran ice sheet or seasonal sea ice.

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Great Balls of Fire: A probabilistic approach to quantify the hazard related to ballistics — A case study at La Fossa volcano, Vulcano Island, Italy

Biass

Falcone

Bonadonna

et al. 2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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We present a probabilistic approach to quantify the hazard posed by volcanic ballistic projectiles (VBP) and their potential impact on the built environment. A model named Great Balls of Fire (GBF) is introduced to describe ballistic trajectories of VBPs accounting for a variable drag coefficient and topography. It relies on input parameters easily identifiable in the field and is designed to model large numbers of VBPs stochastically. Associated functions come with the GBF code to post-process model outputs into a comprehensive probabilistic hazard assessment for VBP impacts. Outcomes include probability maps to exceed given thresholds of kinetic energies at impact, hazard curves and probabilistic isoenergy maps. Probabilities are calculated either on equally-sized pixels or zones of interest. The approach is calibrated, validated and applied to La Fossa volcano, Vulcano Island (Italy). We constructed a generic eruption scenario based on stratigraphic studies and numerical inversions of the 1888–1890 long-lasting Vulcanian cycle of La Fossa. Results suggest a ~ 10− 2% probability of occurrence of VBP impacts with kinetic energies ≤ 104 J at the touristic locality of Porto. In parallel, the vulnerability to roof perforation was estimated by combining field observations and published literature, allowing for a first estimate of the potential impact of VBPs during future Vulcanian eruptions. Results indicate a high physical vulnerability to the VBP hazard, and, consequently, half of the building stock having a ≥ 2.5 × 10− 3% probability of roof perforation

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Volcano hazards and potential risks on St. Paul Island, Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska

Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska

Dawson tephra, a widespread 29‐ka marker bed, in a marine core from Patton Seamount off the Alaska Peninsula and its potential marine–terrestrial correlation

Great Balls of Fire: A probabilistic approach to quantify the hazard related to ballistics — A case study at La Fossa volcano, Vulcano Island, Italy

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