Vulnerability of Three Days Old Chick Embryos to Permethrin Induced ToxicitiesVulnerability-of-Three-Days-Old-Chick

Abstract

| Agricultural and domestic use of permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, has led to intoxication of varying intensities in non target organisms including human. In present study, teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of permethrin was tested in developing chick(Gallus domesticus). Different concentrations of permethrin (0, 5, 10 and 20ppm) were prepared in sterilized distilled water. These doses were injected into eggs on 3 rd day while recovery of embryos was done on 7 th day of incubation. Disrupted embryos with microcephly, hydrocephaly, short neck, micromelia, amelia, micrognathia, agnathia, cataract, ectopiacordis, omphalocoel, axis distortion, anencephaly, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, phocomelia with reduced body weight and crown-rump length in all dose groups were obtained. Adverse histological changes appeared in the form of disrupted and malformed visceral organs, vertebral bone and spina bifida as compared to control. The findings of this study clearly indicate that permethrin is potentially toxic to developing chicks, especially the highest concentrations used in the study.

Trans‐ovo permethrin exposure affects growth, brain morphology and cardiac development in quail

“…Therefore, our results may indicate that permethrin exposure slows neuronal development in the cerebellum and other portions of the brain. Permethrin injection into G. domesticus eggs also resulted in microcephaly, as well as microphthalmia, micrognathia, and spina bifida 29,30 . Since we did not observe spina bifida or effects on beak size, and we observed larger eyes in the permethrin‐treated individuals, it is possible that permethrin injection directly into eggs could cause more extreme defects than permethrin exposure through the eggshell.…”

“…First, we observed that permethrin treatment reduced overall body size and length of the limbs and toes. This result is supported by studies that showed significantly reduced body weight and crown rump length and increased incidences of small limbs or absence of limbs after permethrin injection into G. domesticus eggs 29,30 . In times of nutrient deficiency during early development, growth of skeletal elements typical slow in favor of shunting resources to vital organs 42 .…”

“…There is some evidence that permethrin exposure during early development also has adverse effects in birds, although like mammals, it is considered by environmental agencies to have low toxicity to adult birds 28 . Similar to what is observed in mammals, injection of permethrin into chicken ( Gallus domesticus) eggs at doses less than one‐third of adult LD 50 caused decreased body weight, micromelia, and craniofacial defects 29,30 . Pied Flycatcher nests fumigated with a pyrethroid‐based insecticide (containing 0.3% permethrin) just prior to and after hatching resulted in 3‐day‐old chicks that weighed less and had shorter tarsi and wing lengths 31 .…”

“…This result is supported by studies that showed significantly reduced body weight and crown rump length and increased incidences of small limbs or absence of limbs after permethrin injection into G. domesticus eggs. 29,30 In times of nutrient deficiency during early development, growth of skeletal elements typical slow in favor of shunting resources to vital organs. 42 In both rat and chicken models, permethrin exposure caused enzymatic and mitochondrial changes that could result in impaired cellular metabolism, 43,44 which could underly growth restriction.…”

“…28 Similar to what is observed in mammals, injection of permethrin into chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs at doses less than onethird of adult LD 50 caused decreased body weight, micromelia, and craniofacial defects. 29,30 Pied Flycatcher nests fumigated with a pyrethroid-based insecticide (containing 0.3% permethrin) just prior to and after hatching resulted in 3-day-old chicks that weighed less and had shorter tarsi and wing lengths. 31 Body weight was also lower in zebra finch hatchlings that were exposed to 1% permethrin-treated nest material, as was the body weight of the F2 generation, showing transgenerational effects of permethrin exposure in birds.…”