Waist Circumference Is an Anthropometric Parameter That Identifies Women with Metabolically Unhealthy Phenotypes

Abstract

Metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically unhealthy (MUH) phenotypes can be present in any subject independently of their body mass index (BMI). However, factors related to the presence of these phenotypes are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study is to describe the prevalence and characteristics associated with the MH and MUH phenotypes in Mexican subjects with different BMI categories. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated after 12 h of fasting. HMW (High Molecular Weight) adiponectin and insulin levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A total of 345 subjects were included, of which, 73.9% were women. The prevalence of the MH phenotype was 69.9%, 46.7%, and 19% in normal weight, overweight, and obesity, respectively. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve analysis showed that the waist circumference demonstrated a statistical significance (p < 0.01) in detecting the MUH phenotype in each BMI group only in women. Furthermore, subjects with lower HMW adiponectin levels showed a 2.1 increased risk of presenting the MUH phenotype. In conclusion, in this Mexican population, waist circumference was an anthropometric parameter that identified women with the MUH phenotype in all BMI categories and hypoadiponectinemia was a risk factor for the presence of this phenotype.

<p>Serum miR-503 is a Candidate Biomarker for Differentiating Metabolic Healthy Obesity from Metabolic Unhealthy Obesity</p>

“…37 Here, logistic regression analysis showed that the OR value of miR-503 was 0.224, suggesting that it might play a role in inhibiting the progression of an unhealthy metabolic state in overweight/obese subjects. WC was once found as a suitable marker to distinguish between the MHO and MUO, 30,38 however, no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, and WC between the MHO and MUO groups were observed in this study, indicating that these indices could not distinguish between the MHO and MUO, thus more samples are needed for future research. Compared with the MHNW group, subjects in the MUO group were predisposed to be male and showed higher WC and WHR, in agreement with the logistic regression analysis that found that male overweight/obese subjects were more likely to develop metabolic disturbances than females.…”

“…Nathaly et al suggested using WC as an anthropometric parameter to identify obesity women with metabolic unhealthy phenotype in the Mexican population. 30 Biochemical measurements of adipokines, including leptin, 31 adiponectin, 32 the leptin/adiponectin ratio, 27 resistin, 33 retinol-binding protein 4, 34 and fibroblast growth factor 21, 35 were recommended to distinguish MUO from MHO. Our research provided evidence that miR-503 was inversely associated with the phenotype of MUO and can be used as a diagnostic marker for a metabolically unhealthy state in the overweight/obesity population.…”

Fasting triglycerides and glucose index is more suitable for the identification of metabolically unhealthy individuals in the Chinese adult population: A nationwide study

“…However, there is a lack of a consensus on the definition of metabolic unhealth. The components of MetS are used to define metabolic abnormalities in most studies, and it is reported that metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy phenotypes can be present in any individual independent of BMI . MetS appears to be caused by a complex array of cross‐connected mechanisms, and IR seems to play an important role .…”

“…The components of MetS are used to define metabolic abnormalities in most studies, [13][14][15][16][17] and it is reported that metabolically healthy and metabolically unhealthy phenotypes can be present in any individual independent of BMI. 18 MetS appears to be caused by a complex array of cross-connected mechanisms, and IR seems to play an important role. 19,20 Direct estimation of individual IR demands diagnostic tests that have considerably high costs and low availability for epidemiological use.…”

“…Wildman et al used the modified criteria of MetS to replace waist circumference (WC) combined with IR status defined by HOMA-IR to identify metabolically healthy or unhealthy individuals, 17,27 and this definition is now used widely. 16,18 Furthermore, Korean studies [28][29][30] have shown that the TyG index is a useful marker for the identification of individuals with metabolic disorders. However, the value of the degree of IR as an index of metabolic abnormalities in the Chinese population remains to be established.…”