Waiwera: A parallel open-source geothermal flow simulator

Croucher, Adrian; O’Sullivan, Michael; O’Sullivan, John; Yeh, Angus; Burnell, John; Kissling, Warwick M.

doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104529

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…More troublingly, the integrated autocorrelation time suggests that the chain is not long enough and adequate coverage of the target posterior density is not ensured. While running 1,000+ iterations in each chain wasn't possible in the present study due to time constraints, utilization of a parallel implementation of TOUGH2 may enable this in the future (Croucher et al, 2020;.…”

Section: Calibration Of Natural State Reservoir Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian Calibration of a Natural State Geothermal Reservoir Model, Krafla, North Iceland

Scott

O’Sullivan

Maclaren

et al. 2022

Water Resources Research

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The Krafla area in north Iceland hosts a high‐temperature geothermal system within a volcanic caldera. Temperature measurements from boreholes drilled for power generation reveal enigmatic contrasts throughout the drilled area. While wells in the western part of the production field indicate a 0.5–1 km thick near‐isothermal (∼210°C) liquid‐dominated reservoir underlain by a deeper boiling reservoir, wells in the east indicate boiling conditions extending from the surface to the maximum depth of drilled wells (∼2 km). Understanding these systematic temperature contrasts in terms of the subsurface permeability structure has remained challenging. Here, we present a new numerical model of the natural, pre‐exploitation state of the Krafla system, incorporating a new geologic/conceptual model and a version of TOUGH2 extending to supercritical conditions. The model shows how the characteristic temperature distribution results from structural partitioning of the system by a rift‐parallel eruptive fissure and an aquitard at the transition between deeper basement intrusions and high‐permeability extrusive volcanic rocks. As model calibration is performed using a Bayesian framework, the posterior results reveal significant uncertainty in the inferred permeability values for the different rock types, often exceeding two orders of magnitude. While the model shows how zones of single‐phase supercritical vapor develop above the deep intrusive heat source, more data from deep wells is needed to better constrain the extent and temperature of the deep supercritical zones. However, the model suggests the presence of a significant untapped resource at Krafla.

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Section: Calibration Of Natural State Reservoir Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian Calibration of a Natural State Geothermal Reservoir Model, Krafla, North Iceland

Scott

O’Sullivan

Maclaren

et al. 2022

Water Resources Research

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“…Alternatively, users can also write their own Fortran function using the Given-When-Then notation to define test suites. • Zofu is hosted on GitHub and was designed in the context of the Waiwera geothermal flow simulator (Croucher et al, 2019). It is intended to replace the FORTRAN Unit Test Framework (FRUIT) (Chen & David, 2003) for Waiwera.…”

Section: General Utfs For Fortranmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitating Test-Driven Development via Domain-Specific Languages in Computational Science Software Engineering

Gundlach,

Jung,

Hasselbring

2023

Preprint

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Research software plays a critical role in computational science. Therefore, the software should be of high quality. Producing such software involves efforts not only in initial development, but also during maintenance. One concept for improving the quality of software and reducing maintenance efforts is Test-Driven Development (TDD), which involves implementing tests, e.g., unit tests, as a specification for development. The effects are high test coverage and better overall software quality, but also additional effort in implementing tests. By separation of concerns, such additional efforts can be facilitated through the use of tailored notations such as domain-specific languages (DSLs). DSLs provide different levels of abstraction, for example, to separate the definition of tests from other concerns in software development. Not only does this incentivize research software engineers (RSEs) to write tests, but it also helps reduce the time required to write tests. The DSL TDD-DSL addresses this to facilitate the implementation of TDD using the Fortran Unit Testing Framework (UTF) pFUnit 4.0. TDD-DSL is focused on unit test definition and source code integration. It is implemented in Python for system under tests (SUTs) written in Fortran 90 or later. To reduce the effort of defining tests, TDD-DSL separates the test definition from the implementation and setup. Especially the latter can cause additional effort in practice, which can be mitigated by using code generators provided with the DSL tooling. The DSL allows describing test conditions as assertions and test cases as collections of assertions. TDD-DSL provides content assist within code editors for the underlying UTF, reducing the effort required in its deployment. It also supports parsing the SUT to expand the content assist with source code information and high-level error messaging for the test description. The content assist includes publicly available variables, types, functions and routines. TDD-DSL further supports the definition of unit values such as SI units to help Scientific Modelers check unit values in the software at runtime. For this purpose, the DSL tooling enables the generation of code templates for new implementations in the source code according to the defined tests. To simplify extending the DSL and improve overall maintainability, the DSL tooling employs the language server protocol (LSP) and also public available tools such as the ANTLR4 grammar. Using LSP also enables a multi-editor support to integrate the DSL tooling into different editors and IDEs. In this paper we report on the design and implementation of the DSL and its tooling as well as the evaluation with Scientific Modelers and RSEs.

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“…The 3-D conceptual model was discretized into a block model for applying mass-and energy-balance calculations using the Waiwera geothermal simulator (Croucher et al, 2020). The model was run in the Cloud using 96 core high-performance compute nodes with Amazon Web Services (AWS).…”

Section: Numerical Model Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the Geothermal Lithium Resource at the Salton Sea

Dobson,

Araya,

Brounce

et al. 2023

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The energy transition towards a more sustainable and renewable future is a pivotal global endeavor. Central to this shift for the United States is the critical role of domestically sourced lithium, a key mineral in the production of high-performance batteries essential for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. This has driven the United States to invest heavily in a domestic supply chain for batterygrade lithium to enhance energy security, reduce supply chain vulnerabilities, and foster economic growth by tapping into local resources. A notable example is the Biden Administration's "American Battery Materials Initiative," which was included in the $2.8-billion Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (The White House, 2022).The "Salton Sea Known Geothermal Resource Area" in Imperial County, California has been identified as a potential domestic U.S. resource of lithium due to the brine-hosted lithium in the deep subsurface geothermal reservoir. An analysis funded by the U.S. Department of Energy provides an overview of opportunities and challenges associated with developing the lithium resource in the Salton Sea geothermal reservoir, as well as potential environmental and societal impacts to the county and surrounding region.The geologic history of the region suggests that lithium in the subsurface brines could have come from multiple sources, including water and sediments from the Colorado River, which have been periodically deposited over the past several million years; rocks from the mountain ranges surrounding the Imperial Valley; and lithium-bearing volcanic rocks and igneous intrusions from past geologic events. Further, several processes may have concentrated lithium in the brine over time, including evaporative concentration of lithium-bearing water that flowed into the basin and leaching of lithium from the sediments and rocks by the circulating geothermal brines.Geothermal brine production at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, the area with existing geothermal power plants, has averaged just over 120 million metric tons per year since 2004. Using an approximate lithium brine concentration of 198 parts per million (ppm), the amount of dissolved lithium contained in these produced brines is estimated to be 127,000 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) per year. The total dissolved lithium content in the well-characterized portion of the Salton Sea Geothermal Reservoir is estimated at 4.1 million metric tons of LCE, and the estimated total resource increases to 18 million metric tons of LCE if assumptions for porosity and total reservoir size are increased to reflect the probable resource extent.Analysts measured lithium concentrations in the reservoir rocks, which were shown to vary with depth and mineralogy. These data were used to help refine conceptual and computer models of the reservoir; specifically, two complementary computer models of the reservoir were developed. Analysts used the first model to simulate the approximate 30-year history of geothermal power production in the area u...

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Waiwera: A parallel open-source geothermal flow simulator

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

Bayesian Calibration of a Natural State Geothermal Reservoir Model, Krafla, North Iceland

Bayesian Calibration of a Natural State Geothermal Reservoir Model, Krafla, North Iceland

Facilitating Test-Driven Development via Domain-Specific Languages in Computational Science Software Engineering

Characterizing the Geothermal Lithium Resource at the Salton Sea

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