Wall Shear Stress Measurements Based on Ultrasound Vector Flow Imaging

Du, Yigang; Goddi, Alfredo; Bortolotto, Chandra; Shen, Yingying; Dell’Era, Alex; Calliada, Fabrizio; Zhu, Lei

doi:10.1002/jum.15253

Cited by 49 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…The complex blood flow such as vortex and turbulent flows was detected in the carotid stenosis. This finding is consistent with previous literature reports: the presence of high and low WSS values is usually accompanied by complex flow conditions (16,31).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…where μ is blood viscosity;

denotes the direction of

and is a unit vector;

is the vector velocity; Δ r i and is the distance between the i th velocity measurement and the WSS measurement location ( 16 ). One radiologist with 5 years of carotid ultrasound experience performed V flow scan, who was blind to the patient's clinical data and final pathological findings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Frame Rate Vector Flow Imaging Technique: Initial Application in Evaluating the Hemodynamic Changes of Carotid Stenosis Caused by Atherosclerosis

Qiu

Dong

Mao

et al. 2021

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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Objective: To investigate the value of high-frame rate vector flow imaging technique (V flow) in evaluating the hemodynamic changes of carotid stenosis caused by atherosclerotic plaques.Methods and Materials: In this prospective study, patients with stenosis rate (diameter) ≥30% caused by carotid atherosclerotic plaques were included. Degrees of carotid stenosis were graded according to North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria: moderate (30–69%) or severe (70–99%). Mindray Resona 7s ultrasound machine with a linear array transducer (3–11 MHz) was used for ultrasound examinations. The mean WSS value of carotid arteries was measured at the proximal, narrowest region and distal of carotid stenosis. The mean WSS values were correlated with peak systolic velocity (PSV) measured by color Doppler flow imaging and stenosis degree detected by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The vector arrows and flow streamline detected by V flow dynamic imaging were analyzed. Imaging findings of DSA in carotid arteries were used as the gold standard.Results: Finally, 51 patients were included. V flow measurements were performed successfully in 17 patients (100%) with moderate-grade stenosis and in 30 patients (88.2%) with severe-grade stenosis. Dynamic V flow imaging showed yellow or red vectors at the stenotic segment, indicating fast speed blood flow (up to 260.92 cm/s). Changes of streamlines were detected in the stenotic segment. The mean WSS value measured at the narrowest region of the carotid artery had a moderately positive correlation with stenosis degree (r = 0.58, P < 0.05) and PSV value (r = 0.54, P < 0.05), respectively. Significant difference was detected in mean WSS value at the narrowest region of the carotid artery between severe carotid stenosis (1.47 ± 0.97 Pa) and moderate carotid stenosis (0.96 ± 0.44 Pa) (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The hemodynamic changes detected by V flow of the carotid stenosis might be a potential non-invasive imaging tool for assessing the degree of carotid stenosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…where μ is blood viscosity;

denotes the direction of

and is a unit vector;

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Frame Rate Vector Flow Imaging Technique: Initial Application in Evaluating the Hemodynamic Changes of Carotid Stenosis Caused by Atherosclerosis

Qiu

Dong

Mao

et al. 2021

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This development permits novel applications, such as pulse wave intensity analysis, which requires simultaneous measurement of flow velocity and wall displacement at frame rates higher than can be achieved with Doppler VFI ( Goddi et al 2017 ), or the assessment of arterial pathology and risk from locally elevated WSS. Commercial Doppler VFI can now estimate WSS locally and in real time ( Collins et al 2019 ; Du et al 2020 ) but measurements are limited by the aperture size. CFUIV may prove more accurate and reliable for cardiac imaging or in situations where there is a high dynamic range of velocities and/or substantial lateral flow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Technological advances have even led to volumetric Doppler VFI with 2-D arrays ( Correia et al 2016 ; Holbek et al 2016 ; Wigen et al 2018 ). Two-dimensional WSS has been measured in a carotid bifurcation albeit only at manually selected locations ( Du et al 2020 ). However, the imaging of deeper structures with vector Doppler techniques can suffer from reduced temporal or spatial resolution ( Hansen et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast Agent-Free Assessment of Blood Flow and Wall Shear Stress in the Rabbit Aorta using Ultrasound Image Velocimetry

Riemer

Rowland

Broughton-Venner

et al. 2022

Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

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Blood flow velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) influence and are influenced by vascular disease. Their measurement is consequently useful in the laboratory and clinic. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound image velocimetry (UIV) can estimate them accurately but the need to inject contrast agents limits utility. Singular value decomposition and high-frame-rate imaging may render contrast agents dispensable. Here we determined whether contrast agent-free UIV can measure flow and WSS. In simulation, accurate measurements were achieved with a signal-to-noise ratio of 13.5 dB or higher. Signal intensity in the rabbit aorta increased monotonically with mechanical index; it was lowest during stagnant flow and uneven across the vessel. In vivo measurements with contrast-free and contrast-enhanced UIV differed by 4.4% and 1.9% for velocity magnitude and angle and by 9.47% for WSS. BlandÀAltman analysis of waveforms revealed good agreement between contrastfree and contrast-enhanced UIV. In five rabbits, the root-mean-square errors were as low as 0.022 m/s (0.81%) and 0.11 Pa (1.7%). This study indicates that with an optimised protocol, UIV can assess flow and WSS without contrast agents. Unlike contrast-enhanced UIV, contrast-free UIV could be routinely employed.

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“…In addition, blood flow was estimated through VDI to measure WSS in a clinical ultrasound system (Resona 7, Mindray, Shenzhen, China). 37,38 However, Mindray system only provides the measured WSS values at several specific positions on the vessel wall. In the other words, the dynamic visualization of WSS distribution along the vessel walls is still not available in clinical ultrasound machine.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wall shear stress mapping for human femoral artery based on ultrafast ultrasound vector Doppler estimations

et al. 2021

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Purpose: Wall shear stress (WSS), a type of friction exerted on the artery wall by flowing blood,is considered a crucial factor in atherosclerotic plaque development. Currently, achieving a reliable WSS mapping of an artery noninvasively by using existing imaging modalities is still challenging. In this study, a WSS mapping based on vector Doppler flow velocity estimation was proposed to measure the dynamic WSS on the human femoral artery. Methods: Because ultrafast ultrasound imaging was used here, flow-enhanced imaging was also performed to observe the moving blood flow condition. The performance of WSS mapping was verified using both straight (8 mm in diameter) and stenosis (70% of stenosis) phantoms under a pulsatile flow condition. A human study was conducted from five healthy volunteers. Results: Experimental results demonstrated that the WSS estimation was close to the standard value that was obtained from maximum velocity estimation in straight phantom experiments. In a stenosis phantom experiment, a low WSS region was observed at a site downstream of an obstruction, which is a high-risk area for plaque formation. Dynamic WSS mapping was accomplished in measurement in the femoral artery bifurcation. In measurements, the time-averaged WSS of the common femoral artery, superficial femoral artery, and deep femoral artery was 0.52± 0.19,0.44 ± 0.21,and 0.29 ± 0.16 Pa,respectively,for the anterior wall and 0.29 ± 0.11, 0.54 ± 0.24, and 0.23 ± 0.10 Pa, respectively, for the posterior wall. Conclusions: All results indicated that WSS mapping has the potential to be a useful tool for vessel duplex scanning in the future. K E Y W O R D Speripheral artery disease,ultrasound blood flow,ultrafast ultrasound imaging,vector doppler velocity, wall shear stress mapping INTRODUCTIONPeripheral artery disease (PAD) refers to a major systemic vascular disease, involving many symptoms that affect noncardiac and nonintracranial arteries. 1 The common causes of PAD are atherosclerosis and inflammatory disorders of the arterial wall, which lead to changes in the structure and function of arteries, especially in the lower limbs. 2 In the end stage of PAD, symptoms progress to ischemic ulcers and gangrene, and amputation is eventually required. 3,4 The femoral artery is one of the most common sites of lower limb atherosclerosis in PAD. 5,6 Several studies have indicated that atherosclerosis not only causes PAD and femoral artery stenosis but is also related to other arterial-affecting diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, 7,8 chronic kidney disease, 9,10 and femoral artery aneurysm. 11 Many studies have suggested that shear stress is a key factor in the development of vascular disease and atherosclerosis. 12 Shear stress is described as friction induced by the different movements of two flowing layers in a fluid. In hemodynamics, wall shear stress (WSS) is expressed as the tangential force exerted on the

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Wall Shear Stress Measurements Based on Ultrasound Vector Flow Imaging

Cited by 49 publications

References 50 publications

High-Frame Rate Vector Flow Imaging Technique: Initial Application in Evaluating the Hemodynamic Changes of Carotid Stenosis Caused by Atherosclerosis

High-Frame Rate Vector Flow Imaging Technique: Initial Application in Evaluating the Hemodynamic Changes of Carotid Stenosis Caused by Atherosclerosis

Contrast Agent-Free Assessment of Blood Flow and Wall Shear Stress in the Rabbit Aorta using Ultrasound Image Velocimetry

Wall shear stress mapping for human femoral artery based on ultrafast ultrasound vector Doppler estimations

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