Warm-Up Striding Under Load Does Not Improve 5-Km Time Trial Performance in Collegiate Cross-Country Runners

Abstract

Post-activation potentiation has proven to be an effective strategy to enhance performance for many tasks, but little research has been conducted specifically concerning endurance sport performance. This study examined whether 5-km run performance could be improved by completing pre-run strides while wearing a 6.8 kg weighted compression garment (LOAD). A counter-balanced crossover field study design was incorporated with NCAA Division I Cross Country runners (n = 10) during coach-led, official team pre-season "speed day" practices. On Monday of Week 1, testing participants completed a course preview run and strategy session with their coach as they would do in preparation for a meet. The following two Mondays, participants completed the 5-km run as quickly as possible while blinded to pace. The team's habitual warmup routine was used, which included a 3.22-km run followed by a series of dynamic warm-up movements before four, 80-m strides were completed with LOAD or without load (CON). Average wet-bulb globe temperature for both sessions was 22.3 °C. CON did not differ (p>0.05) from LOAD in split times for kilometres 0.00-1.61 (339±13 vs 341±13 s), 1.61-3.22 (312±15 vs 312±16 s), 3.22-4.83 (339±21 vs 338±22 s), or the 0.17 km distance kick at the end of the run (71±16 vs 69±14 s). Overall time was also not improved for LOAD (1060±49 s) versus CON (1062±55 s). The ~10% body mass LOAD warm-up strategy failed to improve early, mid-, or finishing kick performance in a 5-km time-trial with well-trained runners.

No Evidence of Postactivation Performance Enhancement on Endurance Exercises: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…Most studies showed a low risk of bias for carryover effects, whereas three showed a high risk of bias (34,40,48), and four were classified as having some concerns. Regarding the deviations from the intended intervention, some studies were classified with some concerns (9,16,(33)(34)(35)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)44,45,(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53), but most of the PAPE literature showed a low risk of bias in this domain. The studies included in this review were classified as having a low risk of bias for the missing outcome data domain, as only the study by Wittekind and Beneke (33) showed missing data.…”

“…Perhaps, the most problematic aspect was the methodology to assess performance outcomes, as the massive part of the literature has adopted biased procedures. For example, several studies did not report if assessors were aware of the intervention being received by participants (42), whereas others declared that assessors provided verbal encouragement during exercise tests used to assess endurance performance (2,16,42,43,46,47,49,50,(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58). Despite the exercise performance assessment through objective measures such as power, time, etc., is unlikely to carry observer-derived bias, it is highly concerned that verbal incentives have been provided by assessors aware of the interventions received by the participants.…”

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“…If we take into account the dynamics of its growth, we can say with certainty that it will soon be included in one of the three most prestigious categories within the "Web of Science" database (SCI, SSCI or SCIE) and will receive an impact factor. Very high quality scientific papers by eminent authors, which were published in the first [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, ] and the second edition of the eight volume [44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53], and also in the first edition of the ninth volume [54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64]are guarantee that it will happen. At the very end, the youngest, but still a journal that has made notable progress is the "Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education".…”

A Content Analysis of Published Articles in Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine from 2019 to 2020

“…Sportski trening kao sastavni dio trenažne tehnologije, omogućavaju transformacione procese pojedinih segmenata antropološkog statusa sportiste i usavršavanje tehničko-taktičkih elemenata, što u krajnjem vodi ka postizanju vrhunskih sportskih dostignuća. Iz ovog veoma važnog segmenta su prikazani sljedeći radovi: "Exponential versus linear tapering in junior elite soccer players: effects on physical match performance according to playing positions" (Krespi, Sporis, & Popovic, 2019), Neuromuscular adaptations after blood flow restriction training combined with nutritional supplementation: A preliminary study" (Chulvi-Medrano et al, 2019), "The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Skeletal Muscle Morphological Changes and Denervation Gene Expression of Aged Rats" (Tayebi, Siahkouhian, Keshavarz, & Yousefi, 2019), "The Association between Relative Age Effect, Goals Scored, Shooting Effectiveness and the Player's Position, and her Team's Final Classification in International Level Women's Youth Handball" (Saavedra, & Saavedra, 2020), "The Effects of A 6-Week Plyometric Training Programme on Sand Versus Wooden Parquet Surfaces on the Physical Performance Parameters of Well-Trained Young Basketball Players" (Ozen, Atar, & Koc, 2020), "The Effect of an In-Season 8-Week Plyometric Training Programme Followed By a Detraining Period on Explosive Skills in Competitive Junior Soccer Players" (Branquinho et al, 2020), "Warm-Up Striding Under Load Does Not Improve 5-Km Time Trial Performance in Collegiate Cross-Country Runners" (O'Neal et al, 2020), "The influence of coaches' instruction on technical actions, tactical behaviour, and external workload in football small-sided games" (Batista et al, 2019), "The important game-related statistics for qualifying next rounds in Euroleague" (Dogan, & Ersoz, 2019) i "Normative Profile of the Efficacy and Way of Execution for the Block in Women's Volleyball from Under-14 to Elite Levels" (Echeverría, Ortega, & Palao, 2020).…”