“…Instead, there has been an attempt to ‘formalise’ informal solid waste collection actors in countries like South Africa (Godfrey & Oelofse, 2017 ), Morroco, Egypt, Senegal (van Niekerk & Weghmann, 2019 ), and Malawi (Kasinja & Tilley, 2018 ). In most African countries, for instance, Ghana (Mariwah, 2015 ), Kenya (Gutberlet et al, 2017 ; Oyake-Ombis et al, 2015 ), Tanzania (Kihila et al, 2021 ), and Nigeria (Mbah & Nzeadibe, 2017 ), urban policies have not integrated the activities of informal actors. In Rwanda, Rajashekar et al ( 2019 ) note that it is even illegal to provide ‘free’ waste collection services.…”